介词讲义完整版.docx

1、介词讲义完整版,介词的分类1.简单介词，是指单个的介词女口： in, on, at, on, to, with 等2.合成介词，是指两个简单介词合在一起构成的介词如: in to, on to, without, i nside3.短语介词，是指一个或两个简单介词与一个或几个其他词类的词组合，在意义 和作用上相当于一个简单介词的短语如：in stead of 代替because of 因为accord ing to 按照二，表示时间的介词in front of在的前面1. at表示具体的时间点女口： at eight oclock联想：at构成的固定短语:at first 首先at least

2、 至少at prese nt 目前at noon在中午at the age of在 岁时at the same time同时at the end of在。末at the mome nt在目前，现在at school在上学女口： In some wester n coun tries shops are closed weeke nds.2. in用于年，月，季节，上午，下午，晚上等。in March在三月in spri ng在春天in 2008 在 2008 年in the morni ng/afterno on /eve ning注意：in表示在某一季节或某一月份时，一般不加冠词，但季节和月

3、份的意义 一旦具体化，就要加定冠词the。女口： The weather is a little in May.An earthquake happe ned in Sichua n in the May of 2008.In summer childre n are happy because they can swim.联想：in构成的固定短语：show great interest in对。感兴趣in the last/past several year在 过去的几年里3.表示具体的某一天或某一天的早晨，晚上等，用 on如：In the morning 1 ofte n get up a

4、t six o clock but Sun day morning, 1 getup at seve n.A traffic accide nt happe ned2014.联想：on构成的固定短语：on board乘坐（车，飞机）on earth 至U底on foot步行on holiday 度假be on show 展览on the other hand另一方面on oneway to在某人去.的路上4.表示时间的 since, for, by, during, until(1)near our school the night of May 2on duty值班，值日on fire着火o

5、n hire雇佣on time按时on the right 在右边a book on history 一本关于历史的书sinee (自从)后跟具体的过去时间，for后接一段时间。for和since短语所在 的句子应用现在完成时，谓语动词要用延续性动词。女口： Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the year 2000.We have lived in the city for about five years.by+时间点，意为“到为止”如果by后面跟的是将来的时间点，用一般将 来时或将来完成时，如果by后面跟一个过去的时

6、间点，用过去完成时。如: I will finish eating by nine o lock.By the end of last week, we had fini shed lear ning Un it5.during+时间段，与延续性动词连用，表示某期间的动作。如:She had trained hard during the four years to get ready for London Olympic Games.until+时间点，意为“道为止”，句中的谓语动词若是非延续性动词，构成句型not.until直到才女口： We stayed there un til the

7、 sun set.We did ntgo home un til the sun set.表示时间前后的before, afterbefore在 之前， after在 之后女口： We must hand in our homework before class.After half past eleve n we can relax ourselves.注意：before作为介词，还可以表示“面临，面对”女口： What should you do before so many difficulties?I had nothing to say before her.三.表示方位，地点，行为

8、对象等的介词1.表示方位的介词in, to, onin表示包含关系，意为“在。范围内”，on表示相邻关系，接壤；to表示相隔 关系。女口： China is the east of Asia.Japa n is the east of China.Russia is the north of China.2.表示“上下”等方位的介词 over, un der, above, below, on(1)over在。正上方，其反义词为 under女口： There is a football under the desk.I looked up and saw a pla ne flying ove

9、r my head.above表示“在。上方”，非垂直关系，其反义词为below女口： The plane is flying above the clouds.(3) on在。之上，指两者表面接触。其反义词也为 under3.表示“前后”的介词和短语介词(1)in front of在。前面，指在范围之外的前面，和 before意义接近。女口： There are some bikes in front of the teachi ng build ing.behind是in front of的反义词，意为“在。后面”in the fron t of表示在范围之内的前面，其反义词组是 at t

10、he back of4.by, beside在o。旁边；between在两者之间,among在三者及以上之间(1) by和beside意义相近女口： Do you know the man who is standing by the window?Lucy sits beside me. She is my deskmate.(2)between指两者之间，也表示三者或多者中的每两者之间；among指三个或三 个以上的事物或人之间。注意：between表示两者之间，只要构成双方关系，就可以用 between女口： There are so many desks in the classroo

11、m that there is hardly any room to movebetwee n them.教室里有这么多张课桌，几乎没有空间从它们中间穿过。5.across, through穿过across从表面穿过，through穿越，穿透，透过，指从物体内部穿过。女口： (1)When you go the road, you must be careful.(2)Which river runs Sha nghai?(3)-I left my keys in the room yesterday. I had to get in the wi ndow.-It dan gerous to

12、 do that.A. in B. through C. over D. to6.表示里外的 in, in side, in to, on to, out of, outside(1) in在。之内女口： My keys are in my pocket.注意：外来物“在树上”，用in，树上结出的东西“在树上”，用on女口： There are some birds the tree.Autu mn comes and some red apples the apple trees come into peoeeyes.inside在。里面，至叽。里面。反义词为 outside如:Liste

13、n! Some one is talki ng in a low voice in side the door.Don stay outside.(3)into至到o oo内。强调空间或状态的转换。反义词为 out of如: Why not go into the house and have a look?He looked out of the wi ndow and saw some people coming back from work.注意：out of还有“脱离，失去”等意义。如:He has been out of work for long.Fish can live lon

14、g out of water.7.表示“靠近”的 near, next to, aroundnear在。附近next to在。旁边around在。周围女口： There is a park n ear our n eighborhood.I did n remember to pho ne un til n ear the end of the week.The mouse is n ext to my computer.That patie nt is n ext to death.The flowers and applause掌 声)are always around the wi nn

15、 ers.注意：around还表示“大约”，同义词：about女口： It was around/about twelve oclock in the evening.8.表示运动方向的for, to, towards(1)for常接在leave, start等动词之后，表示运动的方向或目的地。女口： Theyll leave for Beiji ng to atte nd the meet ing n ext mon th.(2)to跟在go, come, return, move等动词之后，表示目的地，它既表示运动方向, 又包含运动结果。女口： When did you return to

16、 Guangzhou after the summer holiday?towards朝，向。只说明运动的方向，没有“到达”的意思女口： The teacher is coming towards the classroom now.9.表示行为对象的to, at般来说，at同某些动词连用，表示攻击目标，含有某种程度的恶意； to则只表示方向，并无恶意。女口： I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog.He came me and said hello to me.A dog came her and she was frighten

17、e受惊吓的)。10.最高级结构中表示范围的of, in同类比较时，若主语和范围一致，一般用 of, of后多为数词或可数名词复数；将某人/某物置于集体或环境中进行比较时，用in, in后一般是可数名词的单数。女口： She is the most beautiful girl the three sisters.Tom is the tallest boy the class.四表示“除。之外”的介词.besides除。之外还女口： Five others were late besides me.There will be five of us for dinner, besides Joh

18、 n.2.but, except除。之外。but常与否定词连用女口： No one but we knows about the n ews.He has few frie nds except you in this school.He has few frie nds except you in this school.They all went to sleep except me.3.except for表示从整体中排除，除。之外，前后不是一类事物。女口： The care is really won derful except for its price.The compositi

19、on is quite good except for a few spelli ng mistakes.五.表示方式，手段或工具的介词1.by, in, on表交通方式by bike=on a bike, by car=in a car女口： Do you usually come to school by bike?2.by, in with表示手段或工具(1) by表示用某种方式或手段。名此前不加冠词。女口： This pair of shoes is made by hand.The old man had to make money by selli ng vegetables.(2

20、)in表示使用某种语言，用墨水，颜色，颜料等。名此前不加冠词。如: Can you say it in En glish?Please write it in ink, not in pen cil.(3)with后跟具体的工具女口： People here build houses with ston es.I like to write with a ball pen.拓展：with常用来表示伴随，意为“有，带有”，其反义词为without女口： This is a house with a garden.Fish canlive without water.六引出动词不定式逻辑主语的介词

21、。1.一般情况下用 for sb. to do sth女口： It necessary for us to learn English.It difficult for childre n to read such a book.2.表示品质，性格，特征的形容词后用 of sb. to do sth.,这类句型中动词不定式的逻辑主语和形容词构成主系表结构。女口： It foolish of him to make such a decisi on.It kind of you to give me so much help.7.其它介词的用法1.as作为，as for至于女口： stude n

22、ts we should work hard.He works a teacher in this school. him, I know no thi ng.2.thanks to 同 because o，意为“因为，由于”女口： Thanks to your help, I am good at my lessons.Because of the weather, we have to put off the sports meet.8.介词的省略1.in的省略be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事have difficulty/trouble (in) doing st

23、h.做某事有困难(in) this/that way以这种/那种方法spend.(in) doing sth.花费。做某事have a good time (in) doing sth .做某事很高兴waste. (in) doing浪费。做某事Theres no use/good (in) doing sth做某事有用 /没有好处2.for的省略fo叶时间段里的for,在口语中可以省略，尤其是在肯定句中。但是在否定句中或 在句首一般不可以省略。女口： The rain lasted (for) a whole after noon.He has bee n wait ing (for) th

24、ree hours.We haventsee n each other for a long time.For a whole mon th, there is no rain.九常用介词短语1.常与with连用的短语do with处置，对付go on with 继续。agree with 同意。be busy with 忙于keep/catch up with 跟上fill.with.用。装满。be familiar with.熟悉。be popular with.受。欢迎be angry with sb生某人的气cover.with.用。覆盖。help.with.在。方面帮助。get on

25、 well with 与。相处的好be strict with sb.对某人要求严格be pleased with sb对某人感到满意2.常与at连用的短语look at 看knock at 敲at last最后at once立刻laugh at嘲笑。shoot at 朝。射击 work at致力于。 be good at擅长。 be weak at不擅长。arrive at到达某地（小地方）be amazed a对。感至U吃惊3.常与on连用的短语get on上车turn on打开try on试穿put on穿上call on号召depe nd on依靠，取决于live on依赖。生活spe

26、nd.on.在。上花费。4.常与of连用的短语hear of听说take care of 照料look out of朝外看a kind of 一种a type of 一种be fond of 喜欢in stead of 代替。think of认为，考虑all kinds of各种各样的be proud of为。而骄傲be con fide nt of 对。有信心be tired of对。感到厌烦be made of由。制成（能看出材料）be scared/afraid/terrified of.害怕。5.常与from连用的短语come from 来自于be far from 距离。 远hear

27、 from收至叽。的来信 across from在。的对面 be different from 与。不同 borrow. from.从。借来。be made from由。制成（看不出原料）6.常与for连用的短语look for 寻找for example 例女口 be late for 迟至 U be fit for 适合 wait for 等候 pay for为。付款 for a while 一会儿 as for至于，关于 be sorry for为。感到抱歉 send for派人去请。 leave for 离开去。ask for请求，向。要。thanks for 为。感谢。get ready for为。做好准备be famous/known for 以。而闻名7.常与to连用的短语get to至U达turn to翻到pay atte nti on to 注意listen to 听 according to 根据。 be next to 在。隔壁 be friendly to 对。友好 to on ejoy使某人高兴的是 be polite to sb.对某人有礼貌 to on esurprise使某人惊讶的是