1、代词详解与练习代词一、定义与分类代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。在这九类代词中,不定代词一直是英语考试的重点。二、人称代词,物主代词,反身代词用法概述这三种代词都有人称(一、二、三人称)的变化、数(单、复数)的变化,以及性(阴性、阳性、中性)的变化。其中,人称代词除了这三种变化外,还有格(主格、宾格)的变化。物主代词又包括两种形式:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。特别注意:形容词性物主代词its没有相应的名词性物主代词。这三种代词的形式变化表如下:人称单复数主
2、格宾 格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称单 数Imemyminemyself复 数weusouroursourselves第二人称单 数youyouyouryoursyourself复 数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称单 数hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfititits无itself复 数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves三、人称代词的用法1) 定义:人称代词是用来指代人、动物或事物的代词。它必须在人称(第一人称、第二人称、及第三人称)、数(单数、复数)以及性(阴性、阳性、中性)三方面
3、与被指代的名词一致。如:Tom is a boy, and he(代指第三人称单数Tom) is a student.Mary is very pretty, and she(代指第三人称单数Mary) likes singing.The boys are students, and they(代指第三人称复数数The boys) are in the room.The dog is small. It(代之第三人称单数The dog) is Toms.2) 人称代词的句法功能A)人称代词有主格和宾语之分:主格用作主语和表语,宾格用作宾语。如: I like music(主语). She is
4、 a teacher. (主语)She and I are good friends(主语). Neither she nor I am student.I saw the boys this morning.Are you sure it was they(表语)?B) 人称代词的宾格在句子作动词的宾语,或者介词的宾语。如:I saw him at the party(动词see的宾语).I havent seen them recently. (动词see的宾语)I bought a book for them.(作介词for的宾语)=I bought them a book.(作介词bu
5、y的间接宾语)注意:a.在口语中,人称代词的主格形式作表语时,常常可以用宾格替换。如:It cant be he/him.Is this Mr. Green?Yes, this is he/him.b. 在口语中,当人称代词用于than, as 之后或用于强调句中被强调时,用主格 (较正式) 和宾格 (较口语化) 均可以。如:He sings better than I/me. 他比我唱得好。You know more than she/her.She is as tall as me (me=I am).c. 单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格,即使它充当的是主语也是如此。如:“I like En
6、glish.” “Me too=I like English too.” “我喜欢英语。”“我也喜欢。”Who did it?Them.(=They did it)四、物主代词的用法1)定义:物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语,相当于一个形容词,不能单独使用;名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,相当于一个名词词组,可以单独使用,在句中用作主语、宾语、表语、和介词of连用。如:Here is my dog. Its name is Tom.(形容词性物主代词its作name的定语) My sister lost her bicycle. (形容词性物主代词he
7、r作bicycle的定语)Is that coffee yours or hers? (名词性物主代词)2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能 a. 作主语如: May I use your pen? Yours (=your pen) works better. b. 作宾语如:I love my motherland as much as you love yours (=your motherland). 我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。c. 作介词宾语I am writing with your pen, not with mine(=my pen).d. 作表语如:My life is
8、yours. Its yours. Its yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。3) 形容词性物主代词的用法A) 形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时,其顺序是:形容词性物主代词+形容词+名词。如: My new bike 我的新自行车 her young son 她年幼的儿子B) 形容词性物主代词所修饰的名词可以是单数,也可以是复数。如:My pen我的钢笔 His books他的书C) 形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,它后面必须跟名词,即在名词前作定语。如:这是我的钢笔.误This pen is my.(错误的原因:my在此句中单独使用)正This is my pen.D) 当名
9、词前有形容词性物主代词修饰时,不能再用冠词来修饰名词(注:冠词包括定冠词the和不定冠词a, an两类)。如:那是我的自行车.误That is my a bike. / That is a my bike. 错误原因:不定冠词a和形容词性物主代词my同时出现正That is my bike.3)当名词前有形容词性物主代词修饰时,不能再用指示代词this, that, these或those来修饰名词。如:他们的电脑在这儿。误Their those computers are here.(或Those their computers are here.) 错误原因:指示代词those和形容词性物
10、主代词there同时出现正Their computers are here. 注意:A) 名词性物主代词后不能跟名词或代词one,它总是单独出现在句中。如:The umbrella is mine.(mine=my umbrella)He likes my pen. He doesnt like hers.(hers=her pen) B) 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 为避免重复使用名词,有时用“名词性物主代词”代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。 如:My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag i
11、s pink. 为避免重复使用bag,可写成My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink. C) 名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 -s属格结构.如: Jacks cap 意为 The cap is Jacks. His cap 意为 The cap is his. D) 可以说 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),=one of my friends;但是不能说 a friend of me (us, you, her, him, them
12、)这种说法绝对错误。E) 有时同一个结构用不用物主代词会导致含义的变化。如:Dont lose heart. 别灰心(lose heart:灰心)She lost her heart to Jim. 她爱上了吉姆。(lose ones heart to sb: 爱上某人)五、反身代词的用法1)定义:如人称代词一致,反身代词的人称和数以及性要和它所指代的名词或代词一致。2)反身代词的句法功能反身代词可用作宾语、同位语、表语等。用作同位语时,主要用于加强被修饰词的语气,可紧放在被修饰名词后或句末。如:He himself was a doctor. (同位语)=He was a doctor hi
13、mself.She is too young to look after herself. (宾语)I dont blame you, I blame myself(宾语).He cut himself when he was cooking. (宾语)That poor boy was myself.(表语)那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。注意:反身代词用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神所处的状态。如:Ill be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。He doesnt feel himself today.他今天感觉身体不舒服
14、Im not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。 六、相互代词的用法英语的相互代词只有each other和one another,它们在句中常只用作宾语,不能用作主语或状语等。如:Students should help one another. 学生应该互相帮助。We have known each other for many years. 我们认识许多年了。注意:相互代词可以有所有格形式(each others, one anothers)。如:They often stay in one anothers house. 他们常常在彼此的家里住。另外
15、,有人认为 each other用于两者,one another用于三者,但在现代英语中它们常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)。七指示代词的用法1)指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如: 单数 复数限定词:This girl is Mary.Those men are my teachers.代 词:This is Mary. Those are my teachers.2)指示代词的句法功能指示代词主要有四个,即this, that, these 和 those。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。This is
16、 my book.(主语)I want that.(宾语)My book is that.(表语)I like that dress.(定语)注意:1. 为避免重复,可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词。如:The playground of this school is bigger than that of that school. (That=the playground)My seat is next to that of the mayor.(that=mayors seat) 我的座位在市长座位旁边。2. 用来回指上文提到的事情时,可用this 或 that,但是若要
17、指下文叙述的事情,通常要用 this。如:She is a beautiful girl.Who said that?I want to know this: Is she beautiful? 我想知道这一点:她美吗?3. 在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用that指对方:Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?4.除用作代词外,this 和that 还可用作副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,意为“这么”、“那么”,相当于 so。如:Ive done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。Is he always this b
18、usy? 他总这么忙吗?5.指示代词this, that 和these在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。而those作宾语后接定语从句时可以指人。而且只有that、those后面可以跟定语从句。如:(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)(错)He is going to marry this.(this作宾语时不能指人)(对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语) He admired t
19、hose who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人) (错) He admired that who danced well.(that作宾语时不能指人) (对)He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。八、 疑问代词的用法1.疑问代词即指who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。它们在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。如:What did she say? 她怎么说?(what作say的宾语)Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的
20、座位?(which作表语)What are you worrying about? 你为什么事烦恼?(what作about的宾语)注意:1. who和whom 只用作主语、宾语和表语,不用作定语;what, which, whose 则既可用作主语、宾语和表语,也可用作定语。1.what与 which的用法区别:当选择的范围较明确时,用 which;当选择的范围不明确时,用 what。如:Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的? 九 连接代词的
21、用法1.连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等(但who, whom, whoever 等不用于名词前作定语),主要用于引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等。如:Ask him which he wants. 问他要哪一个。(which引导宾语从句)The question is who can help us. 问题是谁能帮助我们。(who引导表语从句)What he says sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来有道
22、理。(what引导主语从句)2. 关系代词型 what 的用法。比较下列两句:I dont know what you like. 我不知道你喜欢什么。You can get what you like. 你想要什么就可得到什么。第一句中的 what 表示“什么”;第二句中的 what 则具有关系代词的性质,相当于“先行词+关系代词”,表示“所的一切事或东西”,如上面第二句的 what就相当于 everything that。顺便说一句,如第二句这样用的 what 有时还可后接一个名词。如:We gave him what (little) help(此处help为名词) we could.
23、我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。3. whatever, whoever与whichever的用法:它们可用于引导主语从句和宾语从句,也可用于引导让步状语从句。如:Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。(whoever引导主语从句)Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。(whatever引导主语从句)Whoever you are, you cant enter. 不管你是谁,都不能进去。(whoever引导让步状语从句)Whichever side wins, I shall be happy. 不管哪边赢,我都会高
24、兴。(whichever引导让步状语从句)十、不定代词的用法1)定义:不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。2)种类不定代词有:some(something,somebody,someone,somewhere),any(anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere), no(nothing,nobody,no one), every(everything,everybody,everyone,everywhere),all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),another,none,one,either,
25、 neither等。3)不定代词的句法功能1)作主语,例: Both(of us) are right (我们)两人都对。 Either(of the answers) is correct 两个回答不论哪一个都对。 Neither(of the answers) is correct 两个回答哪一个都不对。 Is everybody here? 大家都到了吗?2)作宾语,例: There is room for all of us 我们所有的人全坐得下。 He gave two to each(of them) 他给(他们)每人两个。 I like none of the books 这些书
26、我全不喜欢。 If you have any, give us some 有的话,给我们一点。3)作表语,例: That nothing 没什么。 Is that all you want to know? 你想知道的就是这些吗? Thanks, it too much for me 谢谢,太多了。 I not somebody,I nobody 我不是重要人物,我是个无名小卒 That really something 那真是一大收获。4)作定语,例: You may take either road 两条路你走哪条都行。 Every room is clean and tidy 每一个房间
27、都很整洁。 Everybody business is nobodys business人人都管等于没人管。(谚)5)作同位语,例: They both agreed to stay here 他们两人都答应待在这儿。 We are all for him 我们全支持他。 We none of us said anything 我们谁也没说什么。 Give them two each给他们每人两个。不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类,也是高考英语中最常考的一类,复习时应注意以下几点:1. some和 any的比较 不定代词some,any都是“一些”的意思,都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。s
28、ome一般用于肯定句中;而any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中.例:Tom has some picturebooks 汤姆有几本图画书。 I have waited some time 我已等了一会儿了。 Have you any questions? 你有问题吗? There arent any pictures on the wall 墙上没有图片注意:在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any。如:Will you lend me some money? 可以借些钱给我吗?Why dont you bring some flowers? 为什么不带些花来呢?
29、2. 指两者和三者的不定代词。有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),具体使用时要根据一定的上下文正确选用。如:He is blind in both eyes. 他双目失明。Were they all college students? 他们都是大学生吗?注:each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而 every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用 each,不能用 every。如:There are trees on each side of the road. 路的两边都有树。3
30、. (a) few 与 (a) little。few和a few 后接复数名词,而little和a little后接不可数名词。其中不带不定冠词的 few 和 little表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;而带有不定冠词的a few 和 a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义。如:He knew few of them. 他们中间他认识的人很少。He sold only a few of the papers. 他只卖出了几份报纸。He knew little about it. 他对此知道得很少。There is still a little left. 还剩一点点。4. all, every, each的用法。从强调重点上看:all强调整体地考虑总体,every 强调考虑总体中的所有成员(与all很接近),each则强调逐个逐个地考虑总体;从用法上看:all和each既可单独使用,也可后接名词,还可后接of短语;而every 后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接 of 短语(错)从含义上看,each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”,every指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指两者时只能用 each如:All was d
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