英语词汇学第六章.docx

1、英语词汇学第六章第六章词汇：Polysemyn. 一词多义peculiar n. 特权；特有财产adj. 特殊的Diachronic历时性Synchronic 共时性Radiation 放射法garments n. 服装 服装，衣着Concatenation n. 串联，连结tern 三个一组的candidaten. 候选人precedingv. 在.之前Homonymsn. 语 同形同音异义词identical adj. 同一的；完全相同的Homographs同形异义词Homophones 同音异形异义Rhetoric修辞punsn. 双关语sarcasmn. 讽刺ridiculen. 嘲笑

2、embracevt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含connotationn. 内涵Antonymy 反义词predecessor 前任viceversa 反之亦然Hyponymy 上下位关系要点一. 1.Polysemypolysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.When a words is first coined,italwaysmonosemic,but inthecourseofdevelopment,thesamewordmayhavetwoormoredifferentmeanings.e.g.Thewo

3、rdflightmaymeanpassingthroughtheair,powerofflying,airofjourney,etc.2.Twoapproaches1).( Diachronicapproach Diachronically,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthe semanticstructureofoneandsameword.Thisfirstmeaningistheprimarymeaning.Withtheadvanceoftimeandthedevelopmentoflanguage,itt

4、ookonmoreandmoremeanings.Theselattermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.E.g.faceTheprimarymeaninggavebirthtonewmeaning.TheprimarymeaningbecomeeitherabsoluteordisappearedaltogetherE.g. harvest timeofcuttingreapingandgatheringthecrops aseasonsyieldofgrainorfruit Painpenaltyorpunishmentpainsandpenalty upo

5、n/underpainofsuffering2).Synchronic approach synchronically, polysemy is viewed as thecoexistentof various meaning of the same wordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.Thebasicmeaningofawordisthecoreofwordmeaning.Thecoreof wordmeaningcalledthecentralmeaning(secondarymeaning).Thecentralmeaninghasgraduall

6、ydimishedincurrencywiththechangesandoneofthederivedmeaningshas becomedominant.E.g.gay3.Twoprocessofdevelopment1). Radiation-a semantic process which shows that theprimary meaning stands at the centerand each of thederivedmeaningsproceedoutofineverydirectionlikerays.Themeaningsareindependentofoneanot

7、her,butcanallbetrackedbacktothecentralmeaning.e.g.Neck1)Thatpartofamanoranimaljointingtheheadtothebody2)Thatpartofthegarments3)Theneckofananimalusedasfood4)Anarrowpartbetweentheheadandbodyorbaseofanyobject5)ThepartofanythingOfthe5meanings1)istheprimaryandalltherestarederivedbuteachoftheotherfourisdi

8、rectlyrelatedto1).Therefore,wesayneckhasdevelopedthroughtheprocessofradiation.2).Concatenation meaning linking together, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves graduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntil,inmanycases,thereisnotasignofconnection betweenthesensethatisfin

9、allydevelopedandthatwhichtheterm hadatthebegining.e.g.candidate1)White-robed adj. 穿白色长袍的2)Officeseekerinwhitegouns3)Apersonwhoseeksanoffice4)Apersonproposedforaplace,award,etc.Ofthe4meanings,1)istheprimarymeaningandtheotherthreearederived,buteachofthederivedmeaningisonlydirectlyrelatedtothepreceding

10、oneandthereisnodirectconnectionbetween1)and4).Therefore,wesaycandidatehasdevelopedthroughtheprocessofconcatenation.3).DifferenceRadiation andconcatenationiscloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Radiation,eachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning.Con

11、catenation,eachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetrackedtotheoriginal,theresno directconnectioninbetween.Thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.Radiationprecedesconcatenation.二.1.Homonyms-aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteith

12、eridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.2.1).PerfectHomonyms-arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.e.g. bank/bank ,bear/bear ,date/date2).Homographs-arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.e.g.Bow/bow ,Sow/sow3).Homophones(mostco

13、mmon)-arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.e.g. Dear/dear ,Right/rite ,Son/sun3.OriginsofHomonyms1).Change in sound and spelling(homonyms are native by origin, derived from different earlier forms in Old English.Thechangeinsoundandspellinggraduallymadethem identicalinmodernEn

14、glish.)e.g. ear/ear ,long/long2).Borrowing(manywordsofforeignorigincoincideinsoundand/orspellingwiththoseofnativeoriginwith thoseofotherforeignorigin.)e.g.fair/fair,ball/ball3).Shortening(manyshortenedformsofwordshappentobeidenticalwithotherwordsinspellingorsound)e.g.ad/add,rock/rock ,NOW/now4.Diffe

15、rentiationofHomonymsandpolysemants(Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalregardtospellingand pronunciation. )Homonymsrefertodifferentword,whichhappentosharethesameforms.Polysemantistheoneandsomeword, whichhasseveralmeanings.1).Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology.Homonymsarefromdiffere

16、ntsources.Apolysemantisfrom thesamesource,whichhasacquireddifferentmeaninginthecourseofdevelopment.2). The second principle issemantic relatedness.The various meanings of a polysemant arecorrelatedandconnectedtosomecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlessdegree.Meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingto dowitho

17、neanother.5.RhetoricfeatureTheycreatepunsfordesiredeffectof,say,humour,sarcasmorridicule.三.1.Synonymsarewordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.Synonymssharealikenessindenotationandinpartofspeech.2.TypesofSynonyms1).Absolute (Complete) Synonyms-are words, which ar

18、eidenticalin meaning in all itsaspects, both in grammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning, includingconceptualandassociativemeanings. Absolute(Complete) Synonymsarerestrictedtohigh-specializedvocabulary.Forinstance,composition/compounding.Theyhavetheperfectsamemeaning inLexicology.2).Relative (Near) synon

19、yms-aresimilar or nearlythe same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.e.g.Change/alter/varyTakestagger/reel/totterforexample.Staggerimpliesunsteadymovementcharacterizedbyalossofbalanceandfailuretomaintainafixedcourse.E.g. staggerunderaheavyload;Reels

20、uggestsaswayingorlurchingsoastoappearonthevergeoffalling.E.g.Thedrunkenmanreeleddown thehall;Totterindicatestheuncertain,falteringstepsofafeebleoldpersonorofaninfantlearningtowalk.3.SourcesofSynonyms 1).Borrowing:(themostimportantsource) 2).DialectsandregionalEnglish:eg.Railway(BrE)railroad(AmE) Mot

21、her(BrE) minny(ScotE) Charm(BrE)glamour(ScotE) Ranch(AmE)run(AusE) Job(StandE)gig(BlackE) Jim(BlachE)malperson(StandE)3).Figurative a. 比喻的，象征的andeuphemistic a.委婉的useofwords:Occupationwalkoflife(fig.)Dreamerstar-gazer(fig.)Drunkelevated(euph.)Liedistortthefact(euph.)4).Coincidencewithidiomaticexpress

22、ions:Win gaintheupperhandDecide makeuponesmindFinish getthroughHesitate beintwomindsHelp lendoneahand4.DiscriminationofSynonyms1)Differenceindenotation:differintherangeandintensityofmeaning.Range(somewordshaveawiderrangeofmeaningthanothers)e.g.timid-timorousTimidisappliedtothestateofmindsinwhichaper

23、sonmayhappentobeatthemoment,anttothehabitual disposition.Timorousisonlytothedisposition.Comprehend/understandextendincreaseexpandTheowneroftherestaurantisgoingtoextendthekitchenbytenfeetthisyear.Thecompanyhasdecidedtoincreaseitssalesbytenpercentnextyear.Themetalwillexpandifheated.Extent increase exp

24、and Differindegreeofintensitye.g.wealthrichThewealthpersonistopossesmoremoneyandpropertythanarichman.work toilWorkisageneraltermhavingnospecialimplicationsaslightorheavy,andmentalorphysical.Toilsuggestsheavyandtiringwork,associatedwithmorewithmanualthanmentallabor.wantwishdesireWantisthemostgenerala

25、ndhasthewidestrangeofmeaning.Wishanddesirearemuchnarrowinsense2)Differenceinconnotation:differinthestylisticandemotivecoloring.Somewordssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylisticappropriateness.E.g.ThewordsborrowedfromFrenchandLatinaremoreformalthannativewords.Theseborrowingsaremoreappropriatef

26、ormalandtechnicalwriting.policeman constable bobby coppoliceman(neutral) constable(neutral) bobby(colloquial) cop(slangy)ask-beg-requestask(neutral);beg(colloquial);request(formal)archaicandpoetic,whichareself-suggestive.e.g.ire/anger,bliss/happiness,forlorn/distressed,dire/dreadful,list/listen,enow

27、/enough,save/expect,mere/lake andsuchlikeareallsynonyms,butineachthesecondisstandardinusagewhereasthefirstoneisold-fashionedand archaic,onlyfoundinpoetry,earlierwriting,etc.Manysynonymshaveclearaffectivevaluesresult consequence result(neutral) consequence(negativeimplication)big greatbig(thebignessofsize,volumeandsoon,withoutanyemotivecoloring) -great(suggest