虚拟语气考点回顾.docx

1、虚拟语气考点回顾虚拟语气考点回顾 英语中的虚拟语气有两种，一种是表示与各种时间的事实不符的假设（因为是假的，所以叫“虚”拟），常表达说话人的后悔或遗憾或责备或假想。这种虚拟语气的句法特征是“时态都往过去推一步”，所以所用时态都是过去相关时态。 第二种是名词性从句表示建议, 劝告，命令, 要求, 主张和指示，这些都是希望或要求某人某物要如何，所以还没有实现的，也可叫做“虚”拟。句法特征是这种名词性从句谓语部分都用(should）do / be。虚拟语气的复习可从以下四个方面进行：虚拟条件句、虚拟语气常见句型、名词性从句中的虚拟语气和特殊虚拟语气句型。一、表示与事实不符（即遗憾后悔或假想）的虚拟条

2、件句if虚拟条件句中的谓语动词的形式见下表：表示与事实相反的时间if条件句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式现在一般过去式(be用were, 口语中一三人称单数也可用was)Shouldwouldcouldmight+ do过去过去完成时态shouldwouldcouldmight+have done将来Should(可译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”或一般过去式shouldwouldcouldmight do 例如：1. If he were here right now，he would help us 2. If they had not helped us，our experimen

3、t would have failed 3. If he were to go tomorrow，he might tell you 4. If I had time，I would attend the meeting注意：1.主句中的情态动词would和should可换用，would / should do意思是 “本来会”，would / should not do是“本来不会”，would / should have done是“当初本来会”，wouldnt / should not have done 是“当初本来不会”；could /might do是“本可能”；could not

4、 do是“本不可能”，might not do为“本来可能不”，could / might have done为“当初本来可能”，could not have done为“当初本来不可能”，might not have done为“当初本来可能不”(和表推测的意思差别类似)2.should have done可以表示“过去本应该做却没有做”，shouldnt have done可以表示“过去本不应该做却做了”；neednt have done表示 “本不需要做的却做了”(need have done不对，因为need作情态动词不用在肯定句中)。3.在if引导的虚拟条件句中，如果有were，ha

5、d，should，可将其提到条件句句首，将if省略。例如：If I were you，I would accept their invitation可改为：Were I you，I would accept their invitationIf he had been given some infomation，he could have answered the question可改为：Had he been given some information, he could have answered the question。If there should be a good film t

6、omorrow，I would go to the theatre with you可改为：Should there be a good film tomorrow，I would go to the theatre with you4有时条件句和主句分别对不同的时间进行虚拟。例如：If he had taken his parents，advice，he would be a college student now. (从句表示过去，主句表示现在)If we shouldnt have an exam this afternoon，I would go shopping now(从句表示将来

7、，主句表示现在)If I were not to make a preparation for my lecture this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night. (从句表示将来，主句表示过去)If we hadnt made adequate preparations，we shouldnt dare to do the experiment next week(从句表示过去，主句表示将来)5有时句子中没有if，had，should，were引出的条件句，而从意义上看，却有含蓄的条件句。例如：I

8、would have gone with you，but I had to study我要是不学习的话，就跟你一起去了。句中：but I had to studyif I hadnt had to studyI would never have succeeded without your help要是没有你的帮助，我决不会成功。句中：without you help = if you hadnt helped meShe ran，otherwise she would have missed her bus她要是不跑，就错过这趟公共汽车了。句中：otherwiseif she had not

9、 runIn the absence of water and air，nothing could live如果没有水和空气，什么都不能活。句中：In the absence of water and airIf there were no water and airBut for the leadership of the party，we could not have made such great progress如果没有党的领导，我们不可能取得如此大的进步。句中：but for=withoutif it had not been for6if it were not for和if it

10、 had not been for分别表示同现在事实相反和过去事实相反的假设，意为“如果没有”。例如：If it were not for the rain，the crops should die.=Had not been for = Without, the crops should die.If it had not been for your timely help，I would have failed.二、其它表示与事实不符的虚拟语气句型1had hoped/wished/planned/meant/intended/thought表达过去未实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用“would

11、 + 动词原形”形式。例如：His father had hoped that he would go into business with himHe had hoped that he would stay longer2would rather“宁愿/宁可”之意，后可接省去that的从句，从句谓语要用过去时对一般现在和将来虚拟，对将来虚拟不用would do, be则用were，一三人称单数可用was；对过去进行虚拟，还是用过去完成时。例如：Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being我宁愿你现在暂时不采取什么措施

12、。Id rather you were a postman.我宁可你就当个邮递员。I would rather he came tomorrow than today我宁愿她明天来而不是今天。3It is highabout time.这一句型中that从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式用过去式或“should +动词原形”形式，意为“该干某事的时候了”。如：Its time we left.Its high time that the children should go to bed4Wish+宾从表示与事实相反的愿望，从句中的时态和非真实条件句中一样。如：I wish they were at

13、home this time. (In fact, they are not.)I wish I had two lives to give to my country. (But I have only one life.)I wish I might be able to come tomorrow(But I cant come tomorrow.)表示对过去的愿望，从句中谓语要用“had done词”形式，或用couldwould+have done”形式。例如：I wish I had started to study mathematics years ago.I wish I c

14、ould have finished writing the book report yesterdayBut I was too busy5as if与as though(1)对现在的虚拟谓语动词使用过去时(be动词用were)，意指主从句谓语表示的动作同时发生。例如：He looks as if he were ill.He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.(2)对过去的虚拟谓语动词使用“had done”，意指从句谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之前。例如：She spoke English so well

15、as if she had studied English in England.He smiled as if he had read my thought.(3)对未来的虚拟谓语动词使用“would +动词原形”，意指从句谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之后。例如：Mrs Smith sobbed as if her heart would break注意：as if及as though引导的从句也常用陈述语气，用以表示句中的情况可能会发生。6suppose与supposing两者有一些区别：suppose常表示想像的条件，用作虚拟条件句，有时也用陈述语气；supposing常表示可能的条件或事

16、前的假设，因而常用陈述语气。例如：Suppose you were sent abroad to study，which country would you like to go?Suppose you had been in my position，could you have done otherwise?Suppose all who accepted the invitation actually come，will there be seats enough for them?7if only相当于I wish，意为“但愿；要是就好了”，常表示强烈的愿望或遗憾。例如：If only

17、he were alive!If I could only see him at once!If only you had worked with great care!If only I had more money，I could buy some new books8for fear(that)由for fear(that)连接的从句总是使用虚拟语气，而且总是用于肯定结构。例如：Take an umbrella with you，for fear it may rain.Paul is studying hard for fear that he should fail to pass

18、his examination9in case意为“以防(有某种情况)”，可用陈述语气和虚拟语气；case后的从句中如果用“should do”则表示发生这种情况的可能性很小(可译为“万一”)。例如：I stayed home in case you called.You must take your umbrella in case it rainsit should rain.三、名词性从句中使用虚拟语气用来表示要求、建议、劝告、命令、指示、主张等。从句中谓语可用“(should)+动词原形”形式。1主语从句中使用虚拟语气句型为“It is +要求引起虚拟的形容词或过去分词+主语从句”。常

19、用的形容词和过去分词有：urgent，necessary，better，advisable，important，natural，strange，possible，probable，demanded，requested，required，desired，suggested，ordered等。例如：It is necessary that we (should) keep our room cleanIt is important that we (should) study a foreign languageIt is required that nobody (should) smoke h

20、ere.2宾语从句中使用虚拟语气句型为“主语+要求跟虚拟从句的动词+虚拟宾语从句”。这类动词有：ask，advise，beg，demand，desire，determine，decide，deserve，insist(坚持)，intend，maintain，order，propose，prefer，recommend，require，suggest(建议)，urge等。例如：He insisted that the work (should) be started tomorrowThey requested that he (should) speak on the radio3表语从句和同

21、位语从句中使用虚拟语气，这类虚拟语气主要由下列表示要求、建议、提议、命令、意愿等名词引出，即：advice，desire，demand，idea，order，proposal，requirement，suggestion等。例如：I made a suggestion we (should) hold a meeting next weekMy idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference 虚拟语气考点回顾一条件句中的虚拟语气 条件句分真实条件句和虚拟条件句. 虚拟条件句一般表示与事实相反的 假设,或对不大可

22、能发生的事情的假设. 虚拟的形式主要反映在条件句中谓语动词的时态上.If条件句中1. if 引导的条件句中，如果所说的与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其具体的规则如下：主句从句与现在事实相反Would/should/could+动词原形一般过去时与过去事实相反Would/should/could have done过去完成时与将来事实相反would/should/could/might/动词原型动词的过去式should +动词原型 were to +动词原型1) If I were you, I would not accept his offer. 如果我是你，就不会接受它的建议。2) If i

23、t should rain tomorrow, the race would be put off. 如果明天下雨，比赛将会推迟。3) If you had been more carefully, you would have passed.4) If it were not for the learning tower, the city of Pisa wouldnt be so famous. 如果没有斜塔的话，比萨称也不会这么有名。2混合时态虚拟语气很多情况下，从句和主句并不于同一时间的事实相反，这时需仔细判断其所述情景，运用适当的语气和时态。1) If you had follow

24、ed my advice, your English would be much better. 如果你当时听了我的话，现在你的英语就会好得多了。（从句与过去事实想相反，主句与现在事实相反）2) If he werent a kind-hearted man, he wouldnt have helped such a man as you that day. （从句是与一般特性相反的假设，主句表示与过去事实相反的结局。）3) If it hadnt been for you, I would have to make another trip there tomorrow. 如不是你的话，我

25、明天还要再走一趟。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与将来事实相反。)4)If I were you，I wouldnt have missed the film last night如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）5)If he had followed the doctors advice，he would recover already如果他遵照医生的劝告，现在病就好了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）3在if虚拟条件句中，有时可把连词省去，采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词had，should移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另

26、一种句型，其意思不变。例如：1)Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park如果能抽出时间，我们很乐意逛公园。2)Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience假如没有发现电，现代世界将很不方便。3) Should I get a rise, I would treat you to whisky.如果我能长工资，就请你喝威士忌。4有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用

27、介词（如without， but for等）引出的短语、分词（如supposing等）引出的短语、并列连词（如or，otherwise，but，though等）、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。例如：1)But for your advice，I would not be able to do this work要不是你的劝告，我是不会做这份工作的。2)Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened，otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid

28、 remark显然维克多不知道发生了什么事情。不然的话，他就不会说这样愚蠢的话了。二Wish 后的宾语从句的虚拟语气1. 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：1). I wish (that可省略, 下同) I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)2). I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. (wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春

29、。(事实上不可能)3). I wish I were a bird. (wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)4). When she was at the party, she wished she were at home. (wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)5). Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese. (wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)6). When we begin the trip, they will

30、 wish they were with us. (will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)2. 对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：1). I wish (that可省略，下同) I hadnt wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)2). He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)3). We wished he had

31、 spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)4). I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)5). They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish, had + listened)(事实上并不如此)例题分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have left是答案3. 对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：从句动词would/should/