1、最新高考英语语法精品学案专题一 冠词 冠词不仅是高考单项填空题中常考的项目,而且在书面表达题中,学生更容易发生语感性和过失性错误,影响了文章的整体水平。冠词虽然只有三个a,an和the,但所使用的场合却纷繁复杂,学生记忆起来常常没有头绪。下面来了解冠词的复习要点。 一、冠词的基本用法与习惯用法 关于冠词的基本用法和习惯用法,我们要记住这个口诀: 名词冠词不分家,泛指特指惯用法。 名词冠词不分家:冠词是虚词,不能单独使用,必须依附于名词才有存在的意义。而名词的可数与不可数,单数与复数等特点反过来也会影响冠词的使用。泛指特指惯用法:泛指即不明确具体所指,是不定冠词a (an)和零冠词(即不使用冠词
2、)的基本用法。而特指是指说话者和听话者都明确无误地知道所指,是定冠词the的基本用法。我们把那些没有规律的习惯搭配称为惯用法,它们需要单独记忆。 1 冠词的基本用法 名词冠词单数可数名词 复数可数名词 不可数名词 泛指(a/an/零冠词) A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals. Money is not everything. 特指(the) The horse was tired after a long journey. The horses were tired after a long journey. I boug
3、ht him a present with the money I had saved. 注意:the与可数名词单数搭配有时可泛指,表类属。如:The horse is a useful animal. 在我们说话时,先明确我们要泛指还是特指我们所要谈的人或物,然后相应的选择合适的冠词。其他的基本都可归为惯用法,需要理解后记忆即可。如果掌握了这一规律,把复杂的问题简单化后,你会发现很多问题都可以迎刃而解。如:用在序数词,形容词最高级及形容词only, very, same等前面的the其实就是the的基本用法,即特指。请体会:Thats the very thing Ive been look
4、ing for. 那正是我要找的东西。如: (1) 2010四川卷 In _ most countries,a university degree can give you _ flying start in life. Athe;a Bthe;/ C/;/ D/;a 【解析】 D考查冠词词义辨析。第一空是泛指大多数国家,省略冠词;第二空也是泛指,start在这里作可数名词,意为“起始优势;良好的基础条件”。a start in life为习惯搭配,意为“有利于人生成功的优势”。句意:在大多数国家,一张大学文凭能为你快速发展奠定良好的基础。(2) I knocked over my coffe
5、e cup. It went right over keyboard. You shouldnt put drinks near _ computer. Athe;/ Bthe;a Ca;/ Da;a 【解析】 B考查冠词特指和泛指的用法。keyboard是对话双方都已知的事物,所以其前用the;而computer表示泛指,其前用a/the都可以。(3) Some people fear that _ air pollution may bring about changes in _ weather around the world. A/;the Bthe;/ Can;the Dthe;a
6、 【解析】 Aair pollution 是抽象名词,这里是泛指,不用冠词;weather在这里特指全球的气候,因此用the。2 冠词的习惯用法 很多情况下,是否要加冠词,常常是一个习惯用法问题,特别是在一些固定的词组中,有时是说不出道理的。如: in town in the city 在城里have a cold catch (a) cold 感冒了at a distance 在一定距离外in the distance 在远处 in danger of有的危险in the habit of有的习惯(1) 2010辽宁卷 There are over 58000 rocky objects i
7、n _ space,about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth. Athe;the B/;the Cthe;/ Da;the 【解析】 B考查冠词。第一空in space 是固定短语,不用冠词;第二空名词earth属于独一无二事物的名词,其前必须用定冠词。句意为:太空中有超过58000个岩状物体,其中大约900个有可能掉到地球上。专题一 正面解读(2) Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _ public places. Athe;the B/;/ Cthe;
8、/ D/;the 【解析】 C第一空是固定搭配中冠词的使用:in the habit of;第二空考查冠词的基本用法,“在公共场所”是泛指,故不使用冠词。二、抽象名词和物质名词具体化1 不可数名词的具体化,包括抽象名词的具体化和物质名词的具体化。所谓抽象名词的具体化,是指冠词用在抽象名词之前,表示“一种”、“一类”或“一个具体情况”等概念,使本来抽象的名词具体化,具有了“一”的含义。 The house is full of joy. The little girl is a joy to her parents. (令人高兴的人或物)Failure is the mother of succ
9、ess. He is a success as an actor. (一个成功的人或物)He gave me a lot of pleasure. It is a pleasure to work with you. (一件令人愉快的事情)She looked up in surprise. What a great surprise you gave me. (一件令人惊讶的事情)Knowledge is power. He has a wide knowledge of animals. (一门的知识)He received little education.He received a g
10、ood education. (一种的教育)某些物质名词也可以和不定冠词连用,而变成具体化的名词。I like coffee. Would you like a coffee? (一杯咖啡)I have just had lunch. I have just had a big lunch. (一顿丰盛的午餐)2. 有些抽象化的个体名词前一般不用冠词。 by bus/ by train/ by plane at school/ college/ university/ table/ work/ seain class/ town/ church/ prison/ hospital/ bedgo
11、 to hospital 去医院看病go to the hospital 去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)如: Gorge couldnt remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was _ Sunday because everybody was at _ church. A/;the Bthe;/ Ca;/ D/;a 【解析】 C第一空是指某一个星期天,Sunday 在这里已变成一个普通的名词,所以要加a;第二空at church是指“在教堂做礼拜”,属于具体名词抽象化。三、冠词的某些需注意的用法1 不定
12、冠词a/an(1) 表示“同一”,相当于the same。如: Birds of a feather flock together; people of a kind fall into the same group. 物以类聚,人以群分。(2) 表示“每”,相当于per。如: three times a day一天三次(3) 表示“某一个”,相当于a certain或some。如: Sorry, wrong number. There isnt a Mr. Smith here. 对不起,打错了。这里没有史密斯先生。 (4) 用在被修饰语限定的独一无二的东西前。如: We all hope
13、to have a peaceful and friendly world. 我们都希望拥有一个和平友好的世界。(5) amost 表示“非常,很”。如: This is a most interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。(6) a序数词,表示“又一,再一”。如: He had decided to give it up, but on second thoughts he decided to try a third time. 他已经决定放弃,但是转念一想,决定再试一次。2 定冠词the(1) 用于发明物的单数名词前(phone,car)。如: Alexander
14、 Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 贝尔于1876年发明了电话。(2) 用于姓氏复数词前指一家人或夫妇二人等。如: The Wangs will come to Beijing tomorrow. 王先生一家明天来北京。(3) 用于表达弹奏西洋乐器时的乐器名称前。如: She plays the violin but gives up lessons on the piano. 她拉小提琴而放弃了钢琴课程。(4) 用于方位名词前。如: on the right/left;in the east/south(5) 用于比较级词前,比较级句式中
15、常附有表示范围的“of the two”结构。如: Of the two boys, he is the cleverer. 两个男孩中,他是比较聪明的那一个。要注意冠词的使用误区,即: 第一次说到不一定是泛指,第二次提到不一定就是特指。1 Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning. Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. Aa;the Bthe;the Cthe;a Da;a 【解析】 D从语境看,两人之间有信息差,第二个人并不知道第一个人说的是哪只钢笔,即虽然好像是第二次提到,却并
16、不是特指,故第二空仍用a表泛指。2 Have you heard _ news?The price of _ petrol is going up again! Athe; the B/; the Cthe;/ D/; / 【解析】 C句意为:你有没有听到这个消息:石油的价格又要上涨了。news 虽是第一次提到,但从语境看,说话者接着说明了消息的具体内容。因此此处的消息是特指,而非泛指某一消息。 1 A person who has _ final say in an international company is usually _ influential one. Aa; the Bth
17、e; an Cthe; the Da; an 【解析】 Bsay(发言权)后有介词短语修饰,表特指,所以要用定冠词,第二空表泛指,且influential以元音音素开头,故用an。2 2009辽宁卷 This area experienced _ heaviest rainfall in _ month of May. A/; a Ba; the Cthe; the Dthe; a 【解析】 C考查定冠词的基本用法。第一空指最大的降水量,形容词的最高级前用the;第二空指五月这个月,表特指用the,选C。3 2009重庆卷 Washing machines made by China have
18、 won _ worldwide attention and Haier has become _ popular name. Aa; the B/; a C/; the Dthe; a 【解析】 Battention为不可数名词,并且表示泛指,所以不用冠词;第二空是指“海尔”变成了一个很受欢迎的名字,表示泛指,用a。4Students should be encouraged to use _ Internet as _ resource. A/;a B/;the Cthe; the Dthe; a 【解析】 D考查冠词的用法。句意为:学生们应该被鼓励把网络作为一种资源来利用。Interne
19、t“因特网”,是独一无二的事物,习惯上与定冠词the连用;resource作“(教学)资源,办法”解是可数名词,其前加a表示泛指。5 I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting. It is not your fault. With _ rush hour traffic and_ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late. Aa; a Bthe; the C/; / D/; a 【解析】 B考查定冠词的用法。根据语境可知,rushhour traffic和heavy rain 是双方都知道的造成迟到
20、的原因,应用定冠词修饰。 62010福建卷 Its _ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them _ pleasure. A/; a Ba; / Cthe; a Da; the 【解析】 B句意为:去上海欣赏世博会带给人们快乐,这是一种非常好的感觉。feeling“感觉”,可数名词,“一种感觉”含有“一”的概念,用不定冠词a。pleasure“快乐,欢乐”,不可数名词,故用零冠词。7 “This victory alone is not _ change we seekit is only
21、 _ chance for us to make that change.” said Obama in his speech. Aa; a Ba; the Cthe; the Dthe; a 【解析】 C依据句意可知,名词change被限制性定语从句we seek修饰限定,故用定冠词the表特指;chance被only修饰限定,表特指“唯一的一个”,用定冠词the;选C。8 2009四川卷 In order to find _ better job, he decided to study _ second foreign language. Athe; a Ba; a Cthe; the
22、Da; the 【解析】 B考查冠词的用法。句意为:为了找到一份更好的工作,他决定再学习另外一门外语。第一空表示泛指;第二空用“a序数词名词”表示“又一,再一”。92010北京卷 First impressions are the most lasting. After all,you never get _ second chance to make _ first impression. Aa;the Bthe;the Ca;a Dthe;a 【解析】 C本题考查冠词。第一空表示“再一次,又一次”,序数词在此不表示顺序,其前用不定冠词a/an;第二空表示“一次第一印象”,表示泛指,用不定冠
23、词a。102009陕西卷 What _ pity that you couldnt be there to receive _ prize! Aa; a Bthe; a Ca; the Dthe; the 【解析】 C考查冠词的用法。第一空所填冠词构成固定句型what a pity that,用不定冠词a;第二空后的名词表特指,用定冠词the,选C。112010江苏卷 The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that _ people from all walks of life are working hard for _ ne
24、w Jiangsu. A/; a B/; the Cthe; a Dthe; the 【解析】 Apeople from all walks of life 是固定短语,表示“各行各业的人们”,表泛指,故用零冠词。Jiangsu被new修饰,且表示“一”的概念,故用不定冠词a。12As _ beautiful movie about pain,struggle,hope and love,Slumdog Millionaire swept the ceremony with eight awards,including _ prize for the best picture. Aa; the
25、 Ba; a Cthe; a Dthe; the 【解析】 A考查冠词的用法。第一空处意为“Slumdog Millionaire (贫民窟里的百万富翁)是一部关于痛苦、挣扎、希望和爱的电影”,所以用不定冠词表泛指。prize后有for the best picture,所以第二空要用定冠词the,意思是“最佳影片奖”。13_ walk is expected to last all day, so bring _ packed lunch. AA; a BThe; / CThe; a DA;/ 【解析】 C本题考查冠词的基本用法。the walk 是指说话者双方都知道的一次行走,所以是特指。
26、后面是提醒要带一份盒饭,所以用不定冠词a。14My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got _ energy. Aa; / Bthe; the C/; the Da; the 【解析】 D句意为:我的邻居请我出去散步,但我认为我没有那份精力。第一空为固定词组,go for a walk去散步,第二空特指散步的那份精力,选D。15Of all the subjects,I like _ history best because it gives us _ useful knowledge of things in
27、the past. Athe;a B/;a Ca;the Da;/ 【解析】 B表示课程的名词前不加冠词,故第一空不填冠词;第二空表示“有用的知识”,knowledge为抽象名词具体化,其前需要加冠词,useful的发音为jusful,故用不定冠词a。1(2011海淀区第一学期期中练习)Jack had _feeling of excitement when hearing his article had been published in _school magazine.Athe;a Ba;theC/;the Dthe;/解析:考查冠词的用法。have a feeling of 为固定用法
28、,意思是:有一种的感觉;第二空表特指。句意为:听到自己的文章已经在校刊上发表,Jack有一种兴奋的感觉。答案:B2(2011杭州市教学质量检测)I got _bad toothache yesterday,which kept me awake _whole night.Aa;the B/;aCthe;a Da;/解析:考查冠词。get a toothache 牙疼,是固定用法,而整个晚上(whole night)是特指昨天晚上,因此应该使用定冠词。我昨天晚上牙疼得厉害,整晚没睡。答案:A3(2011苏锡常镇四市教学调查)China is _vast country which is home
29、 to_amazing variety of landscapes,plants and animals.Athe;the Ba;theCthe;an Da;an解析:考查冠词的用法。第一空表示“中国是一个样的国家”,是泛指的概念,因此填不定冠词;第二空是固定短语a variety of,只是在variety 前面加上了形容词amazing 修饰它。答案:D4(2011东北三省四市联考)Anyone in mind for this position?What about Jack?He may be a good friend,but business is business.He is n
30、ot_man for _job.Aa;a Bthe;theCa;the Dthe;a解析:考查冠词的用法。第一空是泛指的概念,因此用不定冠词;第二空是特指这份工作,用定冠词。答案:C5(2011湖南师大附中)We all hold_belief that those who have _wonderful sense of humor are more popular.Athe;a B/;/Cthe;/ Da;the解析:句意为:我们都认为那些有强烈幽默感的人更受欢迎。belief 后是同位语从句,第一空用the表特指;第二空a sense of homor (幽默感)为常用搭配。答案:A6(2011青岛市模拟)_World Expo is regarded as the Olympic Games of the economy,science and technology,_expert said.AA;an BThe;anCThe;a DA;the解析:第一空特指“世博会”,
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