初中高中英语衔接教程一.docx

1、初中高中英语衔接教程一句子类型（1）简单句的五种基本句型1、S(主） + Vi（不及物动词）（谓语） 主谓结构:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。例如：Time flies. 1）S + V + 副词（状语）例如：Birds sing beautifully.2）S + Vi + 介词短语（状语）例如：He went on holiday. 3）S + Vi + 不定式（状语）例如：We stopped to have a rest. 4）S + Vi + 分词（状语）例如：Ill go swimming. 小练习1). 学生们学习很

2、努力。_2). 她再次向我道歉。 _3). 事故是昨天晚上发生的。 _2、S (主）+ Vt （及物动词）（谓语）+ O（宾语）主谓宾结构：此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。例如：We like English. 1）S + Vt + 名词/代词例如：I like music. 2）S + Vt + 不定式 例如：I want to help him. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有：decide, hope, learn, need, promise, want, 等。 3）S + Vt + 疑问词 + 不定式 例如：I dont know what to

3、 do. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有：ask, decide, find out, forget, know等。 4）S + Vt + 动名词例如：I enjoy living here. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有： advise, enjoy, finish, mind, practise等。 5）S + Vt + 宾语从句例如：I dont think (that) he is right. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有： hope, know, notice, think, wonder等。 小练习1、我昨天看了一部电影。_.2、You place me in a difficult s

4、ituation._。3、They finally managed to get along with us. _。4、They have _ _ _ of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。5、I dont like being treated like this._。【难点】3、S (主）+ V（谓语）( 系动词）+ P（表语）主系表结构：谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。例如：We are Chinese. 1）S + V + 名词/代词 例如：He is a boy. 2）S + V + 形容词 例如：She is bea

5、utiful. 3）S + V + Adv 副词 例如：Class is over. 4）S + V + 介词短语例如：He is in good health. 5）S + V+ 分词例如：He is excited. 说明 .除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, seem 等。表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 表延续的动词 keep, seem等。表瞬时的动词 come, fall等。.表语也就是主语的补足语。小练习 1、Dont have the fo

6、od. _.不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了2、The fact _ _. 这个事实证明是正确的。3、We should _ _ any time. 我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚。4、这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_.【难点】4、S (主）+ Vt（谓语）+ In O（间接宾语）+ D O（直接宾语）主谓双宾结构说明 间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有： bring, give, lend, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。 S + Vt + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 例如：I sent him a book. 小练习

7、1、Yesterday her father _ _ _ _ as a birthday present. 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。2、The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March._ _。间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有： buy, get, make 等。 S + Vt + 直接宾语+ To/for + 间接宾语 例如：He sent a book to me. 小练习1、 Please show me your picture. =Please _ _ _ _ _. 请把你的画给我看一下。

8、2、Ill offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. =Ill offer _ _ _ _ _ as long as you dont lose heart.只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。5、S (主）+ Vt（谓语）+ O（宾语） + O C（宾语补足语）主谓宾补结构：谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。例如：I make you clear. 强调宾语和宾语补足语之间通常具有逻辑主

9、谓关系。1）S + Vt + 宾语 + 名词 例如：We named our baby Tom. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有：call, find, make, name等。 2）S + Vt + 宾语 + 形容词 例如：He painted the wall white. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有：cut, find, keep, leave, make, see, wash等。 3）S + Vt + 宾语 + 介词短语例如：She always keeps everything in good order. 4）S + Vt + 宾语 + 不定式例如：I wish you to stay

10、. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有：不定式带to的词： ask, invite, tell, want, warn, wish等。不定式不带to的词：have, know, let, make, notice, see, watch等。 5）S + Vt + 宾语 + 分词 例如：I heard my name called（表示被动）. I feel something moving（表示进行）. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有： notice, observe, see, watch等。 6）S + Vt + 宾语 + 疑问词 + 不定式例如：He show me how to do it. 说明

11、 常用于这句型的动词有：ask, show, teach, tell等。小练习1、 Keep _, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。2、 他把墙漆成白色。_.3、 我们发现他是一个诚实的人。_.定语从句用定语从句的知识连接句子。He is the man.He wants to see you._There are rules.Rules help to make the roads safe._He is the man.I saw him yesterday._Tom is a kind man.You can safely depend on Tom._定语从句（Attributiv

12、e Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有： 指人, 指物或事情等。They rushed over to help the man.The mans car was broken down.They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book.The cover of this book is green.Please pass

13、me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。A2. The crops which/that the farmers planted them in spring are growing well. 3. The lecture which/that we attend was about agri

14、culture.4. The lady who/whom/that I spoke to is an expert on white agriculture.5. The farmers who/whom/that the researchers helped had big harvest.B.2. The dress which/that I bought yesterday fits me well.The dress I bought yesterday fits me well. (?)3. The light bulb which/that Mrs. Li bought doesn

15、t work.4. The food which/that we had in the restaurant on the corner tasted awful.5. The package which/that I lost contained a birthday present.6. The book which/that I borrowed from the library is about ancient paintings.7. The trousers which/that Martin chose tore when he put them on.C.1.The pilot

16、 who/that made an emergency landing yesterday was interviewed. 2.Officials who/that are investigating this incident say they do not know the cause. 3.Fortunately, the four passengers who were on the plane were not injured. Several people saw the dramatic landing. 4.One woman whom/that our reporter s

17、poke to said the plane landed at a very strange angle.关系副词有： 等。1）I still remember the days which / that we spent together . 2）I still remember the days when we worked together . October 1st is the day when (on which) our country was founded.10月1日是我们国家建立的日子。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was

18、 born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用判断关系代词与关系副词判断改错1.This is the mountain village where I visited last year.2.I will never forget the days when I spent in the

19、countryside.1.This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.2.Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。用关系代

20、词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A.where B.thatC.on which D.the one例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表

21、语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。Is this museum the one(that) you visited a few days age?例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A.where B. that C.on whichD. the one例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语

22、。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。Is this the museum where the exhibition was held.限制性和非限制性定语从句例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影

23、响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读

24、了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或

25、原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and th

26、is或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句

27、意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引导非

28、限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known, smoking is harmful to ones