河南省专升本语法讲义 最新.docx

1、河南省专升本语法讲义 最新名词语法精讲可数名词的复数 规则变化：绝大多数名词的复数形式是在名词后直接加s.Mapmaps book-books 以字母s,sh,ch,x结尾和以辅音字母+o 结尾的名词加-es. Bus-busedish-dishes box-boxes 但是以字母 o 结尾的单词例外，应直接加“-s” Piano-pianos photo-photos radio-radios zoo-zoos以字母f或fe结尾的名词构成复数形式时，要把f或fe 改为v， 再加-es. Lifelives leaf-leaves knife-knives 以下单词例外，应直接加“-s”Roo

2、froofs chiefchiefs handkerchief的复数形式以上两种变法都可以。以辅音字母+y 结尾的名词构成复数形式时，要把-y改成-i, 再加-es.Story-stories baby-babies 不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母。 Manmen womanwomen foot-feet goose-geese 单复数形式相同。a sheeptwo sheep a dear-two dear 其他形式child-children ox-oxen mouse-mice 复合名词的复数形式：写成一个词且不含连字符者，通常在第二部分加复数词尾 bathroom-bathroo

3、ms blackboard-blackboards 分开写且中间没有连字符者，通常在第二部分加复数词尾，但第一部分为 man或woman时，两部分皆变复数。girl friendgirl friends woman doctor-women doctors 含连字符者，或其中有名词，则在主题名词后加复数词尾；若其中无名词，则在整个词尾加复数词尾。looker-on - lookers-on sister-in-law-sisters-in-laws grown-up- grown-ups go-between-go-betweens 名词的格 所有格的规则如下：单数名词词尾加“s”,如the

4、boys bag(男孩的书包)，mens room(男厕所)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加“，如：the workersstruggle(工人的斗争)。凡不能加“s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系the title of the song在表示店铺或教堂的名字或人的名字时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers(理发店)。如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个s，则表示“共有”。ohns and Marys rooms(两间) John and Marys room(一间)复合名词或短语s加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a

5、month or twos absence二： 易混淆名词总结1. affair 事务；绯闻 incident 偶发的事件 accident 事故 event 事变；事件 2. altitude 高度；海拔 attitude 态度；姿态3. analysis 分析 comment 评论 4. border 边界 margin 页边空白 5. base 根基；基地 basis 根据；基础 6. custom 习俗 customs 海关 7. contest 比赛；竞赛 context (文章)上下文 8. conversation 谈话；对话 conservation 保存9. citizen

6、市民；公民 civilian 平民； 10. discount 折扣 account 叙述；报导11. discovery 发现invention 发现 12. fare(车、船)费 fee 学费；酬金13. evolution 发展；演变 revolution 革命 14. habit 习惯 custom 习俗；习惯 hobby 业余爱好 15. award 奖品；奖金 reward 报酬；报应 prize 奖金；奖品 16. produce 农产品；土产品（没有复数）product 工业产品或农业加工品production 生产或文学制作品 17. perspective 透视图；远景 p

7、rospect 前途；展望 18person 人（男女均可；强调数量）personality 个性；性格 personal 人事的；全体人员；员工 individual 个人（相对于群体而言 19response 反应 reaction 反应 reflection 反映20. signature 签名 sign 标记；符号 signal 信号 message 信息；消息21silence 寂静 calm 平静 peace 安静22. source 来源 resource 资源 origin 起源；开端；来历；出身23. statute 法令；法规 statue 塑像；雕像 status 身份；

8、社会地位 24. trace 痕迹 track 足迹； 25. way 一般的方式、方法 method 科学的有效方法manner 礼貌；规矩 approach （搭配to）方法；步骤；入口；通向四：历年真题聚焦1. Tom succeeded in getting a _ of $3000 from the bank to buy a new house. (2002)A. debt B. fund C. loan D. payment 2. The _ into the fire accident was carried out by two policemen.(2002) A. que

9、stion B. doubt C. investigation D.information 3. Those scientists were conducting an experiment and expect a good _.(2003) A. effect B. result C. consequence D. affect 4. What they have done for us cant be measured in _ of money.(2003) A. way B. means C. terms D. place 5. Many new _ will be opened u

10、p in the future for those with university education.(2004) A. opportunities B. necessities C. realities D. possibilities 6. There are no _ medicine for Acquired Immune Deficiency Sydrome ( AIDS). (2004) A. effect B. effective C. efficient D. efficacy 7. Hemingway spoke highly of such _ as loyalty,co

11、urge and determination shown by human beings in his works. (2005) A. features B. appearances C. virtues D. characteristics 8. There is no _ arguing about it, just do as you are told.(2005) A. reason B. way C. point D. meaning 9. They always keep on good _ with their next-door neighbors for the child

12、rens sake. (2006) A. friendship B. terms C. relations D. relatives 10. Im afraid that there is no _ for you in my car. (2006) A. place B. seat C. corner D. room 11. I dont feel like swimming in the sea today. Id rather lie in the _.(2006) A. coast B. bank C. seaside D. beach 12. The actual cost of t

13、he house was higher than their original _.(2006) A. consideration B. plan C. judgement D. estimate 13. I saw a traffic_ this morning. (2007) A. event B. conflict C. damage D. accident 14. Those opinions are now out of _(2007). A. order B. form C. mood D. fashion 15. The pupulations of the world is g

14、rowing at a dangerous _.(2007) A. step B. measure C. rate D. progress 16. A man who wants to start a business must have some _.(2008) A. currency B. income C. wealth D. capital 17. At the conference he expressed some personal views which brought him into _ with the Party leadership. A. action B. cri

15、sis C. conflict D. power 18. The actual cost of the building was much higher than our original _.(2008) A. consideration B. judgement C. estimate D. plan 19. I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _ when judging my exam. (2008) A. regard B. counting C. account D. observation 20. We have

16、still tremendous _ to overcome before we achieve our goal. (2008) A. obligations B. objections C. obstacles D. objects 21. It wasnt an accident. He did it on _.(2008) A. reason B. intention C. purpose D. determination 22. Having applied for a _ in the office of the local newspaper,he was told to see

17、 the manager.(2008) A. position B. career C. profession D. location 23. The population of the world is growing at a dangerous _. (2009) A. pace B. measure C. progress D. rate 24. I took the medicine, but it didnt have any _ on me. (20009) A. effect B. relation C. touch D. affect 25. We develop trade

18、 with that company for shared _(2009) Ahonor B. reward C. benefit D. prize 26. Youll have to book the tickets for the holiday in _.(2009) A. front B. advance C. ahead D. forward 27. My daughter and I took a _ tour around New York City. (2009) A. two day B. two days C two-days D. two-day 28. Your bro

19、ther is very tall. What is his exact _? (2009) A. size B. length C. height D. breadth 第二节 动词及其基础语法一. 动词的语法分析（1）实义动词 实义动词可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词后边可以直接跟宾语，可以用于被动语态。如： I see an opportunity in every challenge. 他受到社区里边的每一个人的尊重。不及物动词不要求后面接宾语，不能用于被动语态。如： He never works hard. 他工作从来不努力。Her plan has changed. 他的计划

20、已经改变了。 还有些动词既可以做不及物动词还可以做及物动词。如： Change your way of thinking if necessary. 必要时改变你的思考方式。 We must always change. 我们必须一直改变着。 God helps thoese who help themselves. 天助自主者。（2）连系动词 连系动词必须和后面的表语一起构成系表结构做谓语。如下：连系动词 + 形容词 （最常见的一种形式）He is not a tall man, but he looks strong. 他个子不高，但是看起来很强壮。He remained single a

21、ll his life. 连系动词 + 名词。 常用的连系动词有：become, die, draw, fall, live, look, make,play, prove, remain, return, seem, stand, turn等。 His dreams has now become a reality. 他的梦想实现了。 连系动词 + 分词。 At last the truth became known. 连系动词 + 介词短语。He has fallen into a bad habit.二： 易混淆动词及动词词组总结 A. 易混淆动词汇总1.gather 聚集；采集 acc

22、umulate 积累；蓄积2.collect 收集 assemble 集合；组合 reform 改革 remind sb. of sth.通知某人某事3.assure 使人确信 ensure 确保某事发生guarantee 保证 promise 答应；许诺confirm sb. of 使人确信 4.assume 假设；认为 resume 重新开始 consume 消费 5.grant 授予（某人）荣誉、奖励 entitle 授予（某人）权利award 奖励；奖金 enlist 报名参加；从军6.adopt 收养；采纳 adapt to 适应7.apply to 适用于;应用到 apply fo

23、r 申请8.vary 变化 transfer 转移；调动alter 使改动；使变动 shift 转嫁；转移 9.raise（vt.）举起；提起 arouse（vt.）唤醒；激起 arise（vi.）发生；出现 rise（vi.）上涨；上升10.contribute to 有助于；滋长了 attribute to 归功于distribute to 分发 devote to 献身;奉献涉及 11.include 包括（指部分）contain 包含（指全部）；容纳 involve 意味着；comprise 由构成12.transport 运输 transmit 传播；传染transform 变形；形

24、成 transplant 移植13.affect(动词)影响 effect(名词)效果14.happen(vi)(偶然)发生 occur 出现； arise 出现15.postpone 推迟 cancle 取消refuse 拒绝16.interfere 干预；干涉 interrupt 打断distract 使人分心；分散注意力 disturb 打扰、妨碍某人17.restore 储存 recover 康复18.scatter 散落；散开 spread 传播；传开19.separatefrom 把分开 divideinto 把分成20.distinguish/tellfrom 区分 differ

25、 from 不同于21.reduce 减少 induce 劝说；引导deduce 推断；推理press 压缩；压紧 contract 使收缩；缩短 condense 气体冷凝；凝结；使浓缩 23.reveal 暴露（身份、年龄等）expose 把露在外面24.display 陈列 exhibit 展览 present 出席；到场25.exhaust 使人疲惫 consume 消耗 26.change 变化；改变 exchange 三.易混淆动词短语总汇.break away from 打破；脱离；挣脱；改掉break down 出毛病；身体（精神）衰弱break up 捣碎；驱散；瓦解；学期结

26、束；拆散 break off 暂停；中断 break in 强行进入；插话 break out 爆发break through 突破3.bring up 抚养；呕吐；提出 bring about 造成 bring out 拿出；出版 bring back 使回想起 bring down 使下降；使倒下4.call on 号召；拜访（某人） call at 拜访、参观（某地） call for 去叫某人；要求；需要call in 召集；请某人来 call out 大喊； call off 取消；e about 发生；出现 come down下跌；落；降；传下来come in 进来come on

27、来临；快点 come out 出版；结果是come over 走过来 come up 发芽；走近come across 偶然碰到 come from 来自6.cut across 抄近路 cut down 砍到；削减cut off 切断；割掉；断绝关系 cut through 剪断；凿穿 cut out 删（省）掉；戒掉cut in 插嘴7.die of(disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病、饥饿、寒冷、情感原因）die from 死于（意外事故、情形）die away 渐渐消失9.go in for 从事；喜爱；参加 go through 通过；经受go ov

28、er 复习；检查go after 追捕；追赶 go ahead 先行；开始吧go with 相配；陪同go without 没有；缺少 get over 忘记；越过；克服；从疾病中恢复get along with 进展；相处 get up 起床get through 打通电话；完成；通过 11.give out 发出；疲劳；分发；公布give away 赠送；泄露；出卖 give off 发出（光、热、气体）give in (to sb.) 屈服 give up 放弃；让（座位）12.hand in 交上；提交 hand out 分发hand down 流传；遗传14.hold back 阻止

29、；隐瞒 hold up 挂电话hold on 别挂电话；等等；坚持 5.keep off (grass) 不接近；离开 keep up with 跟上 keep out of 不让进入 keep from 克制；阻止 keep back 阻止；留下；隐瞒；扣下 keep on 继续；坚持下来keep away from 避开；不接近；离远远16.knock at/on 敲konck down 撞倒 knock over 撞到17.leave for 离开前往leave out 删去；遗漏 leave behind 遗留；忘记拿走18.look up 查找；向上看look through 翻阅；

30、浏览 look on 旁观 look onas 看作look after/at/for 照顾/照看/寻找 look into 调查look out（for） 当心look down upon 瞧不起19.make up 编造；配制；打扮；组成 make up for 弥补 make into/of/from 制成 make for 走向；驶往；促使make out 弄懂；发现；看出；填写；开列（清单20.pay off 还清 pay for 付钱；为受到惩罚；因得到报应23.put down 记下；平息 put up with 忍受put out 伸出；扑灭 put off 推迟 put fo

31、rward 提出；提前 put through 接通电话 put on 穿戴；上映；增加pick up 搭起；张贴；举起；安装26.run across 偶然碰到 run away 逃跑 run for 竞选run out of 用完run into 偶然碰到（困难）；遇见（人）；相撞27.see off 送行 see to 照料；照管28.send for 派人去请 29.set up 建立 set off 出发；触发；引 set out 动身；着手（to do）；陈述 set about 开始着手（doing）30.take off 脱掉；起飞 take on 呈现；雇佣take away 拿走take in 吸收；领会take up 从事；占用（时间空间）take over 接管 31.think of 想起 think of as 把看作32.turn off/on 打开turn in 上缴turn down 调低； turn to 转向；求助turn out 证明为；结果四. 动词真题聚焦1. I didnt know what to buy then an idea suddenly _ to me. (2002)A. happened B. ent