自考英语语言学Chapter 2 Phonology.docx

1、自考英语语言学Chapter 2 PhonologyChapter 2 Phonology音系学一、本章纲要二、本章重点1. The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介Of two media of language, speech is more basic than writing, for the reasons:1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing;2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role in terms of

2、 the amount of information conveyed;3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later in school.The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介（2006填空；2001，32名词解释）This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication

3、 and are of interest to linguistic are the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds (语音). 2. Phonetics语音学2.1 What is phonetics? 什么是语音学Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur

4、 in the worlds languages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介， 即人类语言中使用的全部语音。Three branches: (the most important conclusion is that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal.)1) Articulatory phonetics发声语音学How a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. Longest established, highly developed. 发声语音学主要研究

5、语言使用者是如何使用发音器官发出语音，并对所发出的音进行分类。2) Auditory phonetics听觉语音学How the sounds are perceived by the hearer. 听觉语音学主要是从受话人的角度来研究语音，即语音是如何被受话人感知和理解的。3) Acoustic phonetics 声学语音Studies speech sounds by looking at the sound waves (recorder named spectrographs). It studies the physical means by which speech sound

6、s are transmitted through air from one person to another. 声学语音学主要研究语音的物理特性。（2007，12填空）2.2 Organs of speech发音器官The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities, where the air stream coming from the lungs may be modified by complete or partial interference

7、. It may also be modified in the larynx (喉)before it reaches any of the cavities. They are: Pharyngeal cavity the throat咽腔Air stream: lung windpipe glottis (vocal cord) Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing”, which is a feature of all vowels and some cons

8、onants. Otherwise “voiceless” 咽腔内最重要的发音器官是位于喉头的声带， 发音时声带在气流的冲击下发生颤动决定了声音的浊音化（voicing）。浊音化是所有元音以及部分辅音，如b,g,m等所具有的特性。声带不发生颤动所发出的音是清音，如t,k,f等。声带颤动的频率决定了声音的高低。（2001，33名词解释；2005，2单选；2007，单选）Oral cavity the mouth口腔The greatest source of modification of the air stream. Tongue is the most flexible organ. 口腔

9、中发音器官最多，有舌头、小舌、软腭、硬腭、齿龈隆骨、牙齿和嘴唇。其中舌头是最灵活、最重要的发音器官。发音时，来自肺部的气流在口腔中受到不同的阻碍，从而发出不同的音。Nasal cavity the nose鼻腔The velum can be drawn back to close the passage of the air stream so that all air exiting from the lungs can only pass through the oral cavity. Produced are oral sounds. Otherwise, nasalized sou

10、nds such as three nasal consonants. Generally, the passage is definitely open or closed. 鼻腔和口腔相通。发音时软腭后移关闭鼻腔，气流只能从口腔通过，所发出的音没有鼻音化。但当鼻腔通道打开，允许气流从鼻腔通过，所发出来的音便是鼻音。2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptions音标宽式和严式标音法International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into be

11、ing at the end of 19th century. Its basic principle is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound. 音标是在国际上被广为接受的一套对语音进行标音的标准符号体系。The IPA provides a set of symbols called diacritics, which can be added to letter-symbols to make finer distinction than the letter-symbols alone. The

12、transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription, normally in dictionaries and textbooks. The other with diacritics is narrow transcription, used by phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. （2002名词解释；2005填空）标音分为宽式和严式标音法。宽式标音法是用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式。严式标音法是一种使用变音符号的标音方式，旨在记录同一个音在不同

13、的语音环境下所发生的细微的变化，如在star和tar中的/t/的发音就不一样,前者/t/是不送气音，后者/t/是送气音。这些细微区别只有通过严式标音法才能表示。（2007，22判断）宽式标音法： lleaf l i: f; feel f i: l; build b i l d; health he lppit pit; spit spit; nten ten; button bt n窄式标音法：1leaf l i :f; feel f i: l ; build b I l d; health h elppit phit; spit spit; nten ten; button bt n2.4

14、Classification of English speech soundsTwo broad categories vowels and consonants, the basic difference is that in pronunciation of vowels, no air stream meets obstruction, while consonant, the air stream is obstructed somehow. (the basic difference between a vowel and consonant) （2002，2004填空）英语中的语音

15、根据气流的受阻情况分为元音和辅音。气流没有受到任何阻碍所发出的音是元音；气流在口腔里受到不同方式的阻碍所发出的音是辅音。2.5 Classification of English consonants英语辅音的分类Two ways: （1）manner of articulation (how obstruction is created): stops, fricatives (when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in mouth so as to cause defin

16、ite local friction at the point), affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; 1）stops：发爆破音时，气流开始完全受阻，然后突然释放，如p,b,t,d,k,g 2）fricatives:发摩擦音时，气流部分受阻，气流从狭窄的通道挤出，产生摩擦，如f,v,s,z, , , , , h （2007，33名词解释）3）affricatives:发塞擦音时，气流开始完全受阻，然后气流从狭窄通道缓慢释放，并伴有摩擦发生，如：t, d （2008年，名词解释）4）liquids：在发流音时，受阻的气流从舌头与上部（roof of the

17、mouth）形成的通道释放出，如：l,r。 5）nasals：发音时，气流从鼻腔释放出所发出的音为鼻音，如n,m, 6）glides：滑音又称之为半元音。英语中滑音有w和j。它们的发音方式与u和i相同。（2）And place of articulation (where): bilabial (the upper and lower lips are brought together to create obstruction), labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal sounds. Each classificatio

18、n brought about certain phonetic features of consonants. 1）bilateral：气流受阻部位在双唇，如p,b,m,w 2）labiodental：下唇与上齿接触使气流受阻，如f,v 3）dental:舌尖与上齿接触使气流受阻，如：, 4） alvelar：舌尖与上齿龈隆骨接触使气流受阻，如：t,d,s,z,n,l,r （2004单选；2008填空）5）palatal:受阻部位发生在舌根与硬腭之间，如：, , t , d , j 6）velar:舌根与软腭接触使气流受阻，如： k, g, 7）glottal:声带短时接触使气流受阻，如：h

19、元音与辅音不同，不能根据辅音的发音方式和发音部位来分类。2.5.1 Classification of English vowelsVowels are differentiated by a number of factors: the position of the tongue in the mouth (front / central / back vowels), the openness of the mouth (close / semi-close / semi-open / open), the shape of the lips (rounded / unrounded),

20、 and the length of the vowels (with or without colon, the long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are lax vowels). 元音常根据舌位的高低、开口度、嘴唇形状、元音的长度和发音时喉部的紧张程度来分类。Monophthongs (individual vowels) and diphthongs. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels, i.e.

21、, without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of a:, are rounded. （2002选择）1） 舌位的高低 发音时，舌头前部抬得最高的音为前元音，通常有：i: i e a. 发音时，舌头的中部抬得最高为中元音，如：:, , 发音时，舌根部位抬得最高为后元音，如：u: :, and :. 2） 开口度：根据开口度，通常把元音分为以下四种： 闭元音：如：i:, i,u:, 半闭元音:如：e, : 半开元音:如 , : 开元音:如：, a, , , : 3） 嘴唇形状： 圆唇元音：英语中除

22、了:以外，所有的后元音都是圆唇元音。 不圆唇元音：英语中所有的前元音和中元音都是不圆唇元音。 4） 元音的长度：根据发音的长度，元音分为长元音和短元音。长元音常用一个分号来表示。英语中长元音有：i: : : u: :，其余都是短元音。 5） 根据发音时喉部的紧张程度把元音分为紧元音和松元音。 6） 除了单元音外，英语中还有一组双元音，如： ei ai u a i i e 。 根据以上标准，我们可以对元音进行描述，如e被描述为前、半闭合、不圆唇元音。3. Phonology音系学3.1 Phonology and phonetics (音系学和语音学)Sameness: Both phonolo

23、gy and phonetics are studies of speech sounds. While they are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and focus. 音系学和语音学都是对语音的研究， 它们有联系但又有区别。Difference: Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages(2002，22判断) (the study

24、 of sounds that are used in linguistic communication).How they are producedHow they differ from each otherWhat phonetic features they possess How they can be classified语音学研究对象是人类所有语言的语音，它主要是对语音进行描述和分类，如，音的发音方式，音的语音特征，以及音与音之间的差别；Phonology (the study of how sounds are put together and used in communic

25、ation) is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language. It aims to discover How speech sounds in a language form patternsHow these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication音系学研究的是某一特定语言的语音体系，即音在特定的语言中是如何结合产生有意义的单位来进行交际。Phonetically quite distinct: Leap l i: p, peel

26、 p i: l Phonologically the same: Leap l i: p, peel p i: l complementary 3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone音素、音位、音位变体(2002，2005问答)Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning: some

27、do, some dont. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. Th

28、e different phones, which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment, are called the allophones of that phoneme. （2001，11填空）A different definition would be that a phoneme is a class of phonetically similar sounds, which in particular language do not stand in contrast with one another.

29、 Although phonemes are the minimal segments of language systems, they are not their minimal elements. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of simultaneous distinctive features. The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its distinctive

30、 features. Distinctive features are language-specific, that what distinguishes meaning in one language does not necessarily do so in another language, e.g. aspiration. (鼻音, refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds) Which allophone is to be used is determined by the ph

31、onetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random or haphazard in most cases; it is rule-governed. One of the tasks of the phonology is to find out these rules.音素是语音学研究的单位。人类在说语言时所发出的一切音都是音素（phone）,有些音素具有语义区别性价值，有些音素没有。如：在单词feelfi:, leafli:f, tartha:, starsta:中,一共有7个音素，分别是f,i:, l, th. t, a:。 音系学研究的基本单位是音位，音位具有区别性价值，音位是抽象的，是一组语音特征的集合,它不是一个具体的音。 一个音位会在不同的语音环境中实现为具体的音，如音位/p/在语境中可实现为具体的送气和不送气音等，这种语音的细微差别可在单