学生阅读中的细节题和推理判断题.docx

1、学生阅读中的细节题和推理判断题阅读中的细节题和推理判断题尽管推断题呈不断增加的趋势，但细节理解题仍然占据了高考英语阅读理解题的半壁江山，而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查学生对英语语言的理解能力，因此难度有所增加。一、题型特点与设题方式细节理解题是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。细节理解题通常包括直接细节理解题和间接细节理解题。直接细节理解题答案与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，

2、然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能作出正确的判断。此类试题在高考中占大多数。其常见的设题方式有：1特殊疑问句形式：以what，who，when，where，which，how much / many等引出问题；2是非题：通常以true / false / not true提问以及according to the text以开头；3填空题：通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节；4就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。二、解题思路与应试技巧细节理解题几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要。它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体

3、事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：1对原文句子中的关键词进行替换：把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项；2词性或者语态的变化：把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍；3语言简化：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案；4正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题目）。下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。1直

4、接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从试题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。eg：（1）As the drought lasted into the fall，the park got worse every monthThe rubbish piled up or blew across the brown grassSoon the only people in the park were beggars and other people

5、down on their luckPeople said drugs were being sold or traded there nowThe park had gotten scary，and my mother told us kids not to go there anymoreWhy was the writer told not to go to the park by his mother？AIt was being rebuilt BIt was dangerous CIt became crowded DIt had turned into a desert （2）Ed

6、monds began his career in business，with jobs in public relations and communicationsHe joined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman（国会议员）from BaltimoreDuring Bill Clintons presidency，he worked speeches for Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala and worked in a number

7、of jobs in the White House and in governmental departmentsEdmonds entered the world of politics first as Anews secretary for a congressman Ba speechwriter for President ClintonCnews secretary in the White House Da speechwriter for Secretary Donna Shalala 2间接信息题做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别。这

8、是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。 But the Fusses werent the only folks in Alto and the neighboring town of Lowell to receive unexpected legacy from the HatchesDozens of other families were touched by the Hatches generosityIn some cases，it was a few thousand dollars；in others，it was more than 100，000

9、It surprised nearly everyone that the Hatches had so much money，more than 3 million-they were an elderly couple who lived in an old house on what was left of the family farmChildren of the Great Depression，Ish and Arlene were known for their habit of savingThey thrived on（喜欢）comparison shopping and

10、would routinely go from store to store，checking prices before making a new purchaseeg：Which of the following is true of the Hatches？AThey had their children during the Great Depression BThey left the family farm to live in an old houseCThey gave away their possessions to their neighborsDThey helped

11、their neighbors to find jobs 3数字计算题数字计算题虽然不是阅读理解的重点题型，但的确能考查考生的综合素质和解决实际问题的能力。解题过程不但要求考生具备数学计算的知识和技巧，同时也要求考生透彻理解文意和题意，有时更需要找出原文中包含的解题所需的必要文件。此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，这样问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂、时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类

12、地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简半日的运算就可得出结果。（1）Somali pirates robbed three Thai fishing ships with 77 sailors on board nearly 1200 miles off the Somali coast，the farthest-off-shore attack to date，an officer said TuesdayThe three ships the MV Prantalay 11，12，and 14 had 77 members

13、 on board in totalAll of them are Thai，the spokesman saidBefore the Sunday robbing，pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailorseg：How many sailors were held by the pirates up to the time of the report？A228 B77 C383 D305 （2）Foreign drivers will have a pay on-the-spot fines of up to 900 for breaking the traf

14、fic law to be carried our next monthIf they do not have enough cash or a working credit card，their vehicles will clamped（扣留）until they pay law takes effect，because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty，In practice，very few foreign drives are likely to retur

15、n to Britain to deal with their easeseg：The foreign drivers who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be fined up to A60 B300 C900 D980 4排列顺序题该题型要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即找出事件发生的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确选项。另外也可以直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确选项。（1）F. Scott Fitzgera

16、ld，born on September 24，1896，an American novelist，was once a student of St. Paul Academy，the Newman School and attended Princeton University for a short whileIn 1917 he joined the army and was posted in Alabama，where he met his future wife Zelda SayreHowever，Fitzgeralds problems with his wife Zelda

17、affected his writingDuring the 1920s he tried to reorder his life，but failedeg：Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgeralds life according to the passage？aHe became addicted to drinking bHe studied at St. Paul AcademycHe published his first novel This Side of Paradise dThe Gre

18、at Gatsby won high praiseeHe failed to reorder his life fHe joined the army and met ZeldaAfceabd Bbeafcd Cfdecba Dbfcdea （2） Gerner manages school facilities（设施）for Clark County，Nevada，a district roughly the size of MassachusettsBy 2018,143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded publ

19、ic-education systemGerner needs 73 new schools to house themFour architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes（样品）；they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009The district will then assess how well the schools perform，and three winners will copy those designs i

20、n 50 to 70 new buildingseg：Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project？AAssessmentPrototypeDesignConstructionBAssessmentDesignPrototypeConstructionCDesignAssessmentPrototypeConstructionDDesignPrototypeAssessmentConstruction 5图表图画题在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直

21、观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图表图画来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。eg：The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008， Athe percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points Bthe percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchangedCthe number of the Black famil

22、ies with a computer was on the decreaseDthe number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase 【易错点、易混点归纳】细节理解题是阅读理解的主要题型，在近几年高考阅读题中占到60%70%。针对这一题型，信息错位是考生经济犯的毛病。问题在于考生在紧张的考试过程中阅读不细，未找准题目所依据的事实。另外，长句难句也是阅读理解的一大障碍，考生对某些长句难句理解不透彻，造成歧义。再者，考生没有对干扰项回原文进行验证。因此，了解细节题干扰项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的

23、正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：1文不对题：选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；2主观臆断：选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，符合常识，但不符合文章内容；3偷换概念：把原来做某事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。4将原文内容扩大或缩小：与原文的内容极其相似，只是在范围或程度上有些变动；5无中生有：在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；6选项内容部分正确，部分错误。【应对方法】1“逆向法”。先读题干和四个选项，再根据内容筛选、提取有用信息。读题的时候，要抓住题干中的关键词，然后带着关键词仔细阅读文章相关内容。2“排除法”。

24、排除选项时，注意与原文的异同，特别注意中心词的限定语，如名词的定语、动词状语等是否与原文一致，选项中的动词时态是否与原文一致。3对长句难句的处理鹫分析句子结构，明确主体成分，剔队长细枝末节。推理判断题1细节推理题抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断、结合上下文或上下句推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。在推断中，我们要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。（1）When she looked ahead，florence Chadwick saw nothing but a

25、 solid wall of fogHer body was numbShe had been swimming for nearly sixteen hoursAlready she was the first woman to swim across the English Channel in both directionsNow at the age of 34，her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coastOn that fourth of July mornin

26、g 1952，the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so denseShe could hardly see her support boatsSharks cruised toward her figure，only to be driven away by rifle shotsAgainst the frigid grip of the sea，she struggled on，hour after hour，while millions watched on national televisionAlongside Flrence i

27、n one of the boats，her mother and her trainer offered encouragementThey told her it wasnt much fartherBut all she could see was fogThey urged her not to quitShe never haduntil thenWith only a half mile to go，she asked to be pulled outWhat does“she never had ”in the third paragraph mean？AShe had neve

28、r been so desperate BShe had never thought of giving it upCShe had never seen such thick fog DShe had never swum across the strait before（2）Decision-thinking is not unlike pokerit often matters not only what you think，but also what others think you think and what you think they think you thinkThe me

29、ntal process（过程）is similarNaturally，this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are，by any standards，good thinkersThe great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theoryIn particular，he showed that all games fall into two classes；there are what he cal

30、led games of“perfect information”，games like chess where the players cant hide anything or play tricks；they dont win by chance，but by means of logic and skillsThen there are games of“imperfect information”，like poker，in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better th

31、an anotherOne mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect informationQuite the reverse，business，politics，life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect informationBusiness decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素），which would ever puzzle best poker playersBut few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance，and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess，not pokerAn important factor in a game of imperfect information is Arules Bluck Ctime Dideas2推测文章的观