第二章冠词 英语语法.docx

1、第二章冠词 英语语法第二章 冠词的用法一、冠词的定义 冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。 冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示名词的数量或者特征 二、冠词的分类不定冠词“a，an”、定冠词“the”零冠词“(/)”：不用冠词的情况 三. 不定冠词的用法 1. 用在可数名词前表示 “一个” 相当于“one”(类指)。 There is a book on the desk. Ill return in a day or two.2. 用在专有名词前,表示“某一个” 相当于“a certain”. A Mr. White is w

2、aiting for you downstairs.3. 表示 “一类” 相当于“any”(泛指). A horse is a useful animal.4. 表示 “每一” 相当于“per”. The doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day. The envelopes are one yuan and twenty fen a dozen5. 用在某些固定词组中. a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of,

3、 a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time6. 用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍:a + 抽象名 词，即抽象名词具体化。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. It is a pleasure to talk with you. It is an honour to me to attend the meeting.7. 与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。 What a heavy rain! A Sprite, please. What a good supper!

4、 He bought a Toyota. Please give me a black coffee!8. “a” 用在辅音开头前, “an” 用在元音开头前. a useful book, a European country, a one-year-old child, an hour, an honest boy, an 800-metre-long bridge, There is an “s” in the word “smile”. (f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x)四. 定冠词的用法 1. 表示文中再次提到的人或物. There is a book on the d

5、esk. The book is an English book.2. 表示特指的人或物(即:谈话时彼此都知道的人或物). Look at the blackboard. Open the door, please.3. 用在单数可数名词前表示泛指 The horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.4. 表示世界上独一无二的东西 the sun, the earth, the capital, the sky, the universebut: in nature, in space, in society, in history5

6、. 用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派等专有名词前以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the Yellow River, the Rocky Mountains, the Philippines, the Pacific Ocean, the China of 1840, the Paris of the east, the late Mr. Brown6. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前。 the second story, the largest room, the third longest

7、river7. 用在方位名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。 on the left, in the east / west, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end8. 用在形容词或分词前表示一类人。 the poor / rich / dying / young / living / wounded9. 在姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇二人。 The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table10. 弹奏乐器时，乐器名词前 Do you like to play the piano or the

8、 violin? 11. 在表示发明物的单数名词前加定冠词 The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.12. 年代前 In the 1870s/1870s, when Marx was already in his fifties, 13. 在表示阶级、阶层的词前 the ruling class, the working people 14. 用在一些习惯用语中。如：in the morning (afternoon, evening), by the way, in the water /field/ light /

9、shade/ distance/ middle /country/rain tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home15. 定冠词使用特殊的场合。 He hit him in the face. beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the elder of the two, The most beautiful of the three The sooner, the better. He got paid by the hour. by the y

10、ard/the dozen/the month/the piece 但：by weight按重量 另外:绰号的表达法如下Peter the Great, John the Lion-hearted, William the Conqueror 五不用冠词的情况(零冠词) 1. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前 China , America, John, Air is a matter. Failure is the mother of success.But: He is the Mr. Zheng you are looking for. He is a living Le

11、i Feng. The Shanghai of today is quite different from what it was .Longjing is a famous tea. a heavy rain, a strong wind, a soup It is a pleasure to talk to him. He wanted to give me a pleasant surprise2. 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格限制时 This book is mine.3. 季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐名称前 spring, summer, autumn /

12、 fall, winter, Sunday, October, National Day but: in the spring of that year, I met him on a Monday last month.4. 称呼语，表示头衔的名词作表语、宾语补足语及同位语时 Whats this, Mother? He was made monitor. George W. Bush is president of the USA.5. 学科名词，球类、棋类名词前 Do you study mathematics? He likes playing football / chess.6.

13、泛指复数名词前 Computers are widely used in our daily life. They are workers.7. 在与by连用的交通工具名称前 by car( bus, train, water, air, land)8. 某些固定词组中 (1). 名词词组 husband and wife, brother and sister, day and night, knife and fork (2). 介词词组 to / at / from school, in class, in prison, to / at / from work in front of

14、/ in the front of at table / at the table out of question / out of the question in charge of / in the charge of in possession of / in the possession of by sea / by the sea9. as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。 Child as she is, she knows a lot of French. 10. 系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。 The young girl has

15、 turned writer. = The young girl has become a writer.11. 在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。 She did experiment after experiment. shop after shop, mistake after mistake12. 形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。 Oh, its most beautiful.(a most beautiful picture= a very beautiful picture)当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。The market in the country is busiest in winter.当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名