英美文学重点知识归纳.docx

1、英美文学重点知识归纳英美文学重点知识归纳OldEnglish: 450-1066thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaonsMedievalEnglish：1066 -middle14thcenturyGeoffreyChaucer-thefatherofEnglishpoetry (wisdom,humor,humanity)firsttimetouseheroiccoupletTheRenaissancePeriod: 14th mid17thstartedinItalyAseriesofhistoricalevents:1.rediscoveryofancientRom

2、an&Greekculture2.newdiscoveriesingeography&astrology(占星学)3.thereligiousreformation&economicexpansionTheRenaissance-rebirthorrevivalHumanism-theessenceoftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing&theimportanceofthepresentlifeBestrepresentatives:ThomasMore,ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeareTheElizabetha

3、ndrama:therealmainstreamofEnglishRenaissanceMostfamousdramatists:ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,BenJonsonEdmundSpenser-thepoetspoet5quality: 1)aperfectmelody 2)araresenseofbeauty 3)asplendidimagination4)alofty(高尚的)moralpurityandseriousness 5)adedicatedidealismlament(哀悼)overthelossofRosalind主角

4、：Arthur-whopossess12virtuesGlorianatheFairyQueenThethemeisnot“Armsandtheman,”butsomethingmoreromantic “Fiercewarresandfaithfullloves”READING:excerptfromTheFaerieQueene仙后Content:RedcrosseKnightsetoutonhisadventures.ChristopherMarlowe“UniversityWits”,thepioneerofEnglishdramaHyperbole(夸张)Marlowesachiev

5、ement: 1)blankverse无韵诗歌ItisMarlowewhobroughtvitality(活力)andgrandeur(伟大)intotheblankversewithhis“mightylines,”whichcarrystrongemotions.2)hiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.(notstrongindramaticconstruction.)thepioneerofEnglishdrama3tragedies: thehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness帖木

6、耳大帝aplayaboutanambitiousandpitilessoverpoweringking.马尔他的犹太人non-dramapastoral(田园的)life，themostbeautifullyrics(抒情诗)READING: 1.excerptfromDr.Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧AplaybasedontheGermanlegendContent:Faustusisascholarwhohasastrongdesiretoacquireknowledge.Byconjuration(念咒文召唤)hecallupMephistophilis,theDevilsserva

7、nt.Hemakeabond(契约)tosellhissoultotheDevilinreturnfor24yearsoflifeinwhichMephistophilistogivehimeverythinghedesires.DevilsnameisLucifer.Dominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious2.ThePassionate(热情的)ShepherdtoHisLovethisshortpoemisconsideredtobeoneofthemostbeautifullyrics(抒情诗)inEnglishliterature.Thesheph

8、erd(牧羊人)enjoyanidealcountrylife,cherishing(珍爱)apastoral(田园的)andpureaffectionforhislove.Strongemotionisconveyedthroughthebeautyofnature.WilliamShakespeareplaywright&poet(aboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime)1., 2., , , Comedies:, , Tragedy:romantictragedy.Topraisethefaithfulnessofloveandthespi

9、ritofpursuinghappiness.3.Fourtragedies-, , & 4.tragicomedies：Achievement:A.exploringthecharacterssinnermind.soliloquy(独白)ormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacterscontrastsbringvividnesstothecharactersB.adroit（精巧的）plotconstructionC.Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.Disguiseisanimpo

10、rtantdevicetocreatedramaticirony.D.thelanguage.READING：1.Sonnet18(14line)eternalorimmortal（不朽的）beauty,haveafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.Anicesummersdayisusuallytransient(短暂的),butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.2.excerptfromTheMerchantofVenicetopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizeP

11、ortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiable（不知足的）greedandbrutalityoftheJew.Doubleplot:(1)BassanioaskAntonioforaloansothathemightmarriagewithPortia(2)AntonioborrowmoneyfromShylock,theJewishusurer.ShylockmakeastrangebondthatrequiresAntoniotosurrenderapoundofhisfleshifhefailtorepayhi

12、mwithinacertainperiodoftime.Portiadisguisedasayounglawyerinstructedtojudgethecase:Shylockcantakehispoundofflesh,butthereisnomentionofbloodinthebond.Otherwise,hislandsandgoodswillbeconfiscated(充公)accordingtohelawofVenice.3ExcerptfromHamlethesitatebetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction,toosophisticat

13、ed（复杂的）todegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevengercontent:Hamlet,theprince,appearinginamoodofworld-weariness（厌世）occasionedbyhisfathersdeathandhismothershastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfathersbrother.HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfatherandthentakenoverbothhisfathersthroneandwid

14、ow.ThusHamletisurgedtoseekrevenge.Note:Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeactionFrancisBaconphilosopher,scientist,essayist,laythefoundationformodernscienceHisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.Baconsessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactness&powerfulness,wel

15、l-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions（典故）,metaphors（隐喻）andcadence（韵律）.mansunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:historytomansmemory,poetrytomansimaginationandcreation,andphilosophytomansreason.writteninLatinonmethodology方法论Baconsuggeststheinductivereasoning归纳法(i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothege

16、neral)inplaceofAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning演绎法(i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular)READING:OfStudiesusesandbenefitsofstudystudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Studiesperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience.Differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies-studies

17、andexperiencearecomplementary(互补)toeachother.Thecorrectattitudetoreadingbooks-toweighandconsider.Howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter-readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.JohnDonneMetaphysicalpoetry（玄学诗）-breakawayfromlovepoetry,thediction(用语)issimple,theimageryisfromt

18、heactual,theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoetsbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.A)conceitsB)syllogism(三段论)Poetry早期:holdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody.晚期: religiouspoemProse:hissermons,whicharebothrichandimaginativeREADING: 1.TheSunRising 2.Death,BeNotProud(asonnet,14lines)thebusysunisal

19、waysreadytointerferewithotherthingsandeverywherewhateveryouare,youcannotescapefromdeath.Whenyouareliving,youarealwaysintheshadowofdeath.Deathonlylastsamoment,ourlifeafterdeathiseternal.Themorepleasurethedeathgivespeople,notonlythepleasureoftherest&thesleep,becausewhomthegodslovedieyoung.Thoughdeathi

20、susuallyconsideredpowerful,itactuallyprovidesarestforamansbodyandabirthforhissoul.JohnMiltonAchievement: 1)theearlypoeticworks 2)themiddleprose(散文) 3)thelastgreatpoemsElegy(挽歌)-利西达斯 (hisearlywork)Epic(史诗) - Dramaticpoem(诗剧) -力士参孙themostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.READING

21、:excerptfromParadiseLosttheonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.Theconflictisbetweenhumanloveandspiritualduty.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMiltonscreed(纲领).TakefromtheOldTestament,thethemeisthe“FallofMan”:SatanrebelagainstGodandaredrivenfromHeaven.Hedeterminedtorevengeby

22、seduce(引诱)AdamandEvetoeatthefruitfromtheTreeofKnowledgeagainstGodsinstructions.So,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromtheparadise.TheNeoclassicalPeriod:1660-1798withthepublicationofLyricalballadsbyWordsworthandColeridge-arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion(抑制情感) &accuracyth

23、eAgeofEnlightenment/ReasonthemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)modernEnglishnovelnewlyrisingliteraryform现实主义小说诞生（themid-century）Gothicnovel(哥特式小说) -mystery,horror&castles(frommiddlepart

24、totheendofcentury)JohnBunyanREAING:TheVanityFair名利场anexcerptformThePilgrimsProgress(天路历程),areligiousallegory(寓言),itspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvation(拯救)throughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils.ItspredominantmetaphorlifeasajourneyAlexander

25、PopeoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland,forhimthesupremevaluewasorder.READING:excerptfromAnEssayonCriticism(论批评)apoemwritteninheroiccouplets(对句),criticizethepresentpoemlackoftruetaste&callonpeopletoturntotheoldGreekandRomanwritersforguidance,truewitwhichisbestsetinaplain(simple&clear)style.DanielDefoe-thefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular(方言).READING:excerptfromRobinsoncrusoeRobinsonCruso