阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧.docx

1、阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧阅读理解“主旨大意题”解题技巧 高境一中 王小红 2005.3 2005高考英语上海卷“阅读部分”考核目标：1能理解文章的基本内容；2能归纳文章的主旨大意；3能推测文章中的隐含意思；4能根据上下文正确理解词语和句子；5能运用阅读技能完成不同文体的阅读任务。分析阅读理解命题趋势1生疏短语增多，句子结构复杂。2组篇方式新颖，深层理解要求较高。3命题方式灵活多样，整体理解和推断题增加。42005年高考英语上海卷新增新题型“标题配对”。分析趋势，掌握技巧，赢取高分从以上两点可以看出，现在的阅读题远非停留在理解词句和看懂内容上。为了增加阅读理解题的区分度，考查学生的综合理解能力

2、，拉开差距，近年高考阅读题中概括主旨题和推断题明显增加。若要获得高分，关键在于能否正确回答此类能力题（在此，我们统称为主旨大意题。）本讲座分两部分：（一）：选择题（二）：标题配对题（新题型）（一）: 选择题.问题类型.常见提问方式.主要答题步骤.分析典型例文,掌握答题技巧主题句在开头或结尾主题句在中间中心贯穿于全文 .总结主旨大意题选择题答题技巧.主旨大意题题目类型：1概括文章大意2选出最佳题目（标题）3概括人物特点4识辨作者语气、态度等5推断文章出处6推断文章或作者意图7推断文章的结局或结论、下文内容等等.常见提问方式：1. Both the doctor and the lawyer in

3、 this passage are very _. （2000秋季上海卷64题）2. What would most probably happen next? (2001秋季上海卷74题)3.What might be the best title for this passage? (2001秋季上海卷81题)4.In writing the passage, the author intends to _. (2002秋季上海卷77题)5.It can be concluded that the passage is most probably part of a (an) _.（200

4、2秋季上海卷78题）6.The purpose of this article is to _. （2003秋季上海卷85题）7.Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?（2003秋季上海卷89题）8.In advertisement 2, the Traveller enables us to learn _. (2004秋季上海卷79题)9.The passage mainly focuses on _. （2004秋季上海卷85题）10.What will the aut

5、hor probably discuss after the last paragraph? (2004秋季上海卷89题).主要答题步骤：1. 先看问题, 是否有和主旨大意题有关的题目,了解题目类别和提问方式。2. 再看文章首尾，或各段的开头，找出主题句，或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握文章主旨。3. 以掌握文章主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其它深层理解的问题。.分析典型例文，掌握答题技巧：（1）主题句在开头或结尾： (A)It was assumed generally that behavior was “caused” and that the causes of and the

6、 cures for crime would be discovered. Sick societies and sick individuals were the causes of crime. The traditional criminal justice system could be described as a band-aid and an ineffective “home remedy) “. The new, scientific approach, however, would cure the underlying causes of crime rather tha

7、n concentrate on the symptom: criminal behavior.But does poverty cause crime?(Q1) It is certainly true that there is a very close link between low socioeconomic status and the sort of violent street crime that worries urban America so much. Furthermore, we must agree with Judge Bazelon that persons

8、of low socioeconomic status probably find it easier than others to true to violent street crime for money, excitement, or release. Yet it is also true that the majority of poor people are not violent criminals. Judge Bazelon is simply wrong in his belief that poverty “causes” crime.(Q2)People someti

9、mes think of crime as a combination of poverty and bad characteristics of a criminal.Q1 But this is hard to predict, and sometimes we observe some criminals are rich enough but they may still have the desire for more wealth. In this aspect, crime seems no more related with poverty than with the beha

10、vioral features of the person involved in a case. Cyber-crimes and white-collar crimes can serve as good examples, the criminals are not short of money, they simply need more than they can gather and they will be happy to get more without having to work.Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessar

11、y cause of crime. 主题句(Q1)(Q2) Poverty may make the choice to obey the law more difficult, but the poor have choice whether to engage in crime, and the majority choose to obey the law. Is it true that no poverty, no crime? Improvement in the economic conditions of poor persons does not reduce the lev

12、el of violent panics in periods of rising wealth. The “poverty cure” does not work . Attempting to get rid of poverty is a worthy social goal, but it is one that should be cherished (珍爱) for its own sake and not in the belief that it will cure crime.( D ) 1. The most appropriate title for the essay

13、would be _ .（概括主旨、选定篇名题）易误选CA. Economics and Crime B. Wealth and ViolenceC. Causes and Cures for Crime D. Poverty and Crime ( C ) 2. Which of the following statements is a summary of the authors ideas? _ .（概括观点题）易误选AA.Crime is a consequence of a low economic status.B.Poverty should be cured before l

14、aw and order can be kept.C.Poverty does not necessarily cause crime.D.Poor people are more likely to turn to violence.分析：Q1: 本文为议论文.选定篇名考查的是对文章主旨的把握.我们先看文章首尾或各段开头找主题句。第一段（起始段）：落后的社会和个人会导致犯罪。消除犯罪的科学方法在于彻底消除引起犯罪的根源。第二段：开头提出问题“Does Poverty cause crime?”并指出：落后的经济状况与犯罪之间有密切联系。第三段：人们认为犯罪是贫困和个人不良品行的结合。第四段（

15、结尾段）：贫困并非犯罪的充分或必要条件。穷人中大多数人还是守法的。消灭贫穷并不意味着消除犯罪。从分析的第一段和结尾段以及各段开头可判断，文章论述的是贫穷和犯罪的关系。主题句为Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of crime.（注：第一段中提到the causes of and the cures for crime would be discovered.学生很容易误以为这就是文章的主题,选择(C).然而只要浏览全文便可知每一段都谈到poverty与crime 的关系,故答案选(D).）Q2: 该题是一道概述作者观点的

16、问题。这类问题一般不能从文中直接找到与答案完全相同的句子，然而题目常用可从文中找到的原句作为选项之一（实为错误选项）迷惑学生。通过把握主旨，我们便可排除干扰选项。文中第二段提到“It is certainly true that there is a very close link between low socioeconomic status and the sort of violent street crime that worries urban America so much.”但从作者的措辞“It is certainly true that”可判断这并非作者观点，而是他人的观点

17、。而且，第二段第五行YET以及第三段第二行BUT等转折词也提示读者作者持有不同观点，为最后一段的主题句“Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of crime.”做了铺垫。因此不可选A.只要耐心地看完该题全部选项，仔细推敲便可知C表示的意思就是文章的主题，即：作者的观点。故该题选“A” 注意: 本文的主题句在结尾。 大部分文章的主题句在开头。但千万不可想当然认为主题句都在开头,必须从头到尾浏览一遍,从全文内容把握主旨.(2)主题句在中间：(B)Right now in schools across the country c

18、hildren are busy selling Pepsi-Cola in the name of education. They are part of Pepsis “Learn and earn Project” a competition set up by Pepsi once a year that encourages students to sell the soft drink at parties, basketball games and other school functions.Then, each spring, the students write up th

19、eir Pepsi-selling success stories for a chance at national prizes: shares of stock in the Pepsi-Cola company.According to materials the company sends the teachers, the project declares “help strengthen students broad understandings of business, particularly its broad marketing and management aspects

20、.”Whether it fulfills this objective or not, it does succeed in selling Pepsi.Q1 The “Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools, Q1Q2 主题句 particularly in the fields of nutrition and home economics, companies

21、 send numerous “teaching aids”: highly professional films, shiny workbooks and pamphlets, all available to teachers at well below commercial rates or free.For example, the Savennach Sugar Refining Corp. put out a book for students called “Sugar through the Ages” which includes the statements such as

22、 “Scientists have found that generous amounts of sugar are a valuable part of well-balanced diets for growing children.Q3By far the largest supplier of nutrition-education materials to schools is the National Dairy Council, which provides all sorts of pamphlets addressing questions ranging from “How

23、 am I doing socially?” to “How am I doing physically?” These materials are full of things about dairy products, daily calcium requirement, etc. Drink mild, the message seems to be, and you too can be popular. But nutrition and home economics are not the only areas where companies have found a lucrat

24、ive form of advertising. ( A ) 1. The main idea of the passage is that _.（概括主旨题）易误选BA.various types of companies extended the selling of their products to schoolB.pepsis “Learn and Earn Project” helps strengthen students broad understanding of businessC.many big companies provide money for schools s

25、uccessfully by carrying out their “Earn and Earn Project”D.students learn much knowledge of nutrition and home economics through their practice of business (C )2. In quoting the statement from the book “Sugar Through the Ages”, the authors purpose is to _.（推断意图题）A.to explain the educational function

26、 of the “teaching aids”B.to praise the Savennach Sugar Refining Crop. from its scientific point of viewC.to expose the true motives (动机) of those companies in providing their “teaching aids”D.to show how students and teachers can receive nutrition education more scientifically ( D ) 3. The authors a

27、ttitude towards Pepsis practice is _ .（识辨语气题题）易误选AA. disapproval B. approval C. optimistic D. none of the above分析:Q1： 本文段落多,内容较散乱,时而叙述事实，时而发表观点。要概括主旨，先从文章首尾入手找主题句。起始段：“百事”公司倡议“Learn and earn Project”活动，鼓励中学生在学校推销可乐。末尾段：某奶制品公司分发营养知识小册子。开头和结尾均没有明显表达中心思想或作者观点的句子,因此难以从文章首尾概括主旨.我们就要通过浏览全文来找出主题句或概括中心。 第三段

28、概括了“Learn and earn Project”活动的宗旨：加强学生对市场及经济的了解。有许多同学会以为这就是主题句，选“B”。.其实，浏览全文，可发现第四、五两段中作者提出了自己的看法，Whether it fulfills this objective or not, it does succeed in selling Pepsi. The “Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their produc

29、ts in schools.作者认为该活动真正目的在于销售可乐。因此可断定本文主题句为“Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools.该题应选“A”.Q2. 推断题一般不能直接从文中找到答案，但绝不能凭主观猜测.例子的内容为: 制糖公司“成长中所需的糖分”一书中强调”学生成长过程中需大量的糖分”.作者揭示: 该公司表面上目的是让学生了解食糖方面的知识,实则向学生作广告,增加

30、利润.这正是论证作者观点的一个例证.因此该题选“C”.Q3. 识辨作者语气题首先也要把握文章主旨,其次找出反映作者态度的措辞.由于文章中心是Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools.首先排除B,C.本文中虽揭示了某些公司通过这种方法来增加销售量,但全文表明作者观点的语句中没有明显表示作者含有感情色彩的表示竭力反对的词语,故排除(A),选(D).注意：当无法从首尾找出主题

31、句时，浏览全文，目标转向中间。在解答识辨语气题时，不可随意猜测，要找出依据，忠实于原文。(3)中心贯穿于全文 (C)On December 1,1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a bus in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, paid her fare and took a seat in the front of the Negro section at the back end. It felt good to sit down after a long days work. At the next stop, however, th

32、e driver told the Negroes to move back to make room for new white passengers.All but one of the blacks gave up their places obediently. Rose Parks hesitated. The bus was now full: if she got up, she would have to stand all the way home. A white man waiting for her seat glared impatiently.At that moment, something in Rosa Parks snapped. Maybe her soul had had enough of