高中英语句子成分及结构分析.docx

1、高中英语句子成分及结构分析高中英语句子结构分析英语的九大词类名词，代词，动词，形容词，副词，数词，连词，介词，冠词。 一、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。物体名-desk,cup,chair.人名-Mike,Li Ming;地名America ,China 动物名-pig,dog;植物名-tree,wheat.抽象的事物的名称:idea(主意),victory(胜利),knowledge(知识). 二、代词（pron.）：主要用来代替名词，所以说名词和代词关系是很近的。代替人的代词有：I,you,he,she,it,they这里要注意，代词的作宾语的形式me,him,her,

2、them.，代替物的代词有:it,that,this,those,these 三、动词(v.)：动就是动作-可以指具体的动作:walk(走),jump(跳),swim(游泳);人的大脑动作(心理活动):think(想),imagine(想象). 四、形容词(adj.)：用来表示名词的性质或特征。我们在谈论人或物时，常用上：tall（高的），short矮的），black（黑的），white（白的）这些词往往是修饰名词。 五、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明动作发生的时间、地点、程度等。副词很多是从形容词加ly构成的，所以看单词词尾是否有ly是判断是否是副词的一种方法，但是词尾是

3、ly的也不一定都是副词，可能是形容词（likely有可能的 lovely可爱的 friendly友好的 lonely孤独的 weekly 每周一次的 monthly每月一次的 yearly每年一次的 ） 六、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。at, by, to,in,for,of,on,from,with 介词在英语中最常用于介宾结构介词+名词/代词，起修饰作用.比如：in winter,from America,behind the door等等。 七、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语、句子。连词不能单独作句子成分，只能和其他词类一起作句子成分。常见的连词

4、有：and 表并列、both . and 并列、but 表转折、or 表选择、 if 表条件等。 八、冠词，英语中只有三个词：aan (不定冠词)the (定冠词)，简单来说，不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指，冠词与名词关系紧密，一般是放在名词之前。 九、数词：跟数字有关的词就是数词，英语中的数词有两种，基数词和序数词。基数词，比如：one two 、three 、 four、 five 、six 、 seven 等等 ，序数词，比如：first 、second、third 、fourth 、fifth 等等。 英语句子（一）根据结构划分：简单句：（5种基本句型）主+谓 主+谓+宾 主+系+表

5、 主+谓+双宾（间宾+直宾） 主+谓+宾+宾补并列句 and, but, or复合句：名词从句（宾，主，表，同） 副词从句（状语从句） 形容词从句（定语从句）（二） 根据功能划分：陈述句, 祈使句, 感叹句，疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句等）动词分类：情态动词、助动词、系动词、实义动词（及物动词和不及物动词）形容词修饰系动词放在动词后，形容词修饰名词，一般放在名词前；副词修饰实义动词，放在实义动词后，修饰整个句子放在句首，修饰形容词，一般位于形容词前。五种基本句型【句型一】主语 + 谓语(不及物动词 vi.)主语：是动作的发出者，一般是名词，代词，动词不定式，动名词，短

6、语，从句等。谓语：谓语总是由动词或动词短语充当，是英语时态、语态变化的主角。谓语与主语在人称和数上必须保持一致！不及物动词（vi.）一般不接宾语，接宾语得加一个介词。谓语由动词词组充当，分两种情况: 1. 及物动词+副词，2. 不及物动词+介词。 动副词组：pointout（指出）,carryout（执行）,putforward（提出）,workout（做出，算出）,findout（找出）,giveup（放弃）,giveaway（赠送，分发）,pickup（拣起）,putup（挂上）等。 动副词可拆分，若是代词作宾语应放在中间。Theycarriedouttheplansuccessfully

7、. Theycarriedtheplanoutsuccessfully.动介词组：lookafter（照顾）,lookat（瞧）,lookfor（寻找）,belongto（属于）,referto（参考，提及）,thinkof（考虑，评价）,sendfor（派人去请）,carefor（喜欢）,sufferfrom（受之苦）,dealwith(对付，应付),objectto（反对）,payfor（付的钱）等。动介词是不可拆分的，所以代词放在后面，即我们只能说thinkofit,不能说thinkitof. His father cooks. The children are listening qu

8、ietly. He runs fast in the street. The meeting begins at nine. They worked day and night. I lived in Beijing five years ago.His father has gone abroad.【句型二】主语 + 谓语(及物动词vt.) + 宾语及物动词后必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者宾语位于及物动词或介词之后，主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词，短语或从句充当。He did his English homework. （名词作宾语）The workers are building t

9、he bridge. （名词作宾语）I enjoy sharing my work experience. （动词ing形式作宾语） She is doing her homework now. （名词作宾语） She said she felt sick. （从句作宾语） We often help him. （代词作宾语） He likes playing basketball. （动名词V-ing作宾语) He likes to play basketball. （不定式作宾语）Theboyswerewatchingthe world cup match. Can you feel th

10、e power of love?We enjoy listening to the music. She wanted a barbie toy so much when she was young.Zhang Yimou made a love movie. Idontbelievein(介)thatman. Hepointedout（副）themistakesinmycomposition. OnChristmasDay,wewillcallonourforeignteachers. Youmusthandinyourexercise-booksafterclass. Wecannotwo

11、rkout（副）theprobleminfiveminutes. 【句型三】主 + 系 + 表（什么是什么）连系动词主要是连系主语和表语。系动词可分四类：1. “五be” 是(am, is, are, was, were)2.“五感官”动词 look （眼）看起来 sound （耳）听起来 taste （口）尝起来 smell （鼻）闻起来feel （手）摸起来3. “五变” get变得, turn变得, grow变得，go变得, become成为 4. “三保持” keep保持, stay保持 ，remain保持作表语的可以是名词、代词、形容词、不定式、动名词、从句等I am a teach

12、er.She is beautiful.This song sounds good.Leaves turned green.用动词做的主语和从句主语也可用it替代，叫形式主语，真正主语在句中都后移。It is important to learn English.It is known to everyone in our class that he has been to many parts of the worldHer new Iphone5 is cool to death.His son is a rock star.My room looks like a pigsty.Li L

13、ei and Jim are gay friends.Children grow wiser as they grow.The river looks especially beautiful in the early morning.Dinner smells good.His voice sounded strange on the phone.The cake tastes delicious.Harry potter is the hero in this book.Playing basketball is interesting.To learn English is import

14、ant.Swimming is a sport he enjoys.That he has been to many parts of the world is known to everyone in our class.【句型四】主谓双宾（间宾直宾）（两者没有直接的关系）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, 这两个宾语通常一个指人 (间接宾语)；一个指物 (直接宾语)eg：give / pass / bring/ take / show/ buy sb. sth.若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for侧

15、重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾的词有（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise, return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等（需借助for的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order，sing,save,spare,等I bought John a birthday present. 或I bought a birthday present for john.Please tell me your telephone number.

16、或Please tell your telephone number to me.Give me a cup of tea please.Pass our English teacher the book.Bring it to me, please. Show this house to Mr. Smith.She ordered herself a new dress. He brought you a dictionary. Please give me a few apples. Ill show you my photos. 【句型五】主语 +谓语+ 宾语 + 宾语补足语（两者有直接

17、的关系）谓语后只跟一个宾语不能表达完整的意思，必须加一个成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后补充说明宾语。宾语补足语由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词等充当。The war made him a soldier. （名词）New methods make the job easy .（形容词）I often find him at work . （介词短语）The teacher ask the students to close the windows. （不定式）I saw a cat running across the road.

18、 （现在分词）Our teacher found the windows closed. （过去分词）We call him Tom. At first I found Chinese quite hard. Tell him not to be late tomorrow. He made all of us laugh. The little girl often helps her mother (to) do the housework. We found a cat lying under the chair. I find learning English difficult. I

19、 will make you a captain. The manager asked Amanda to leave. His words made me sad. I find learning English difficult. I saw the kite up and down. Tom made the girl cry. He proved that theory very important. I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.句子成分状语，可位于句首、句末或句中，用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子

20、，表示动作，行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、方式、程度等。由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当。He speaks English very well. （表程度）He is playing under the tree. （表地点）I come to see you. （表目的）Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. （表时间，地点）The boy was praised for his bravery. （表原因）If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.

21、 （表条件） 副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much.（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.（宾语较长则状语前置）The boy really needs a pen.（程度状语）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen.（时间状语） 介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.（地点状语）Before his mother,

22、Tom is always a boy. (条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.(时间状语) 分词（短语）作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen.（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.（原因状语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（原因状语） 不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.（目的状语）To make his dream

23、 come true,Tom becomes very interested in business. 名词作状语：Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 句子成分定语，它位置灵活，用来修饰限定名词或代词，说明名词或代词的品质与特征。由形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、介词短语、不定式等等，相当于一个形容词，译为 “ .的”形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen. Tom is a handsome boy. Ther

24、e is a good boy. 数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens. The two boys are students. There are two boys in the room. 代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms penHis name is Tom. There are two boys of Toms there. 介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. The boy in blue is Tom. There are two boys of 9,

25、and three of 10. 名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen. It is a ball pen. There is only one ball pen in the pencil box. 副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen. The best boy here is Tom. 不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen. The boy to write this letter is Tom. There is nothing to do today. 分词（短语）作定语：Th

26、e smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. The pen bought by her is made in China. There are five boys left. 定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. The boy you will know is Tom. There are five boys who will play the game.句子成分同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分。如：We

27、students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们） 练习(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework w

28、ithout the teachers help is very difficult.(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting

29、 at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D.

30、is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across