中考英语语法复习动词与动词短语.docx

1、中考英语语法复习动词与动词短语2019年中考英语语法复习方案5动词与动词短语【趋势解读】 动词是英语中最核心的词类，历来是英语考试中考查频率最高、比重最大的实词，可以说掌握好了动词，就具备了在英语考试中取得成功的基础。在选拔性的考试中，重在考查在具体的语境中动词的辨析，主要包括同义、近义动词词义以及动词短语的辨析，是考试中的难点之一。因此，考生在平时的英语学习中要重视对动词及动词词组的学习、理解、整理和记忆，不断积累动词相关知识，进而在考试时做到得心应手。在单项选择中的分值在35分。预计中考关于本专题知识命题趋势如下: (1)各地中考动词考查依旧会是热点。预计中考依然将重点考查动词及其短语的辨

2、析，突出语境的重要作用。 (2)自主招生考试会更多侧重于动词及短语的引申意义，突显考生对动词知识的灵活运用和正迁移能力。【思维引导】精彩笔记1 实义动词 实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法功能可分为及物动词和不及物动词:按其持续性可分为延续性和非延续性动词。 1.不及物动词 (1)本身意义完整，后面不需跟宾语的实义动词，叫作不及物动词。如:He is jumping. 常见不及物动词有:swim游泳，cry哭，stand站，lie躺，sit坐，stay停留，flow流淌,happen发生，rise升起、站起，fall掉、落下，die死，walk走。 (2)有些动词既可以用作及物动词，又可用

3、作不及物动词。如: Have you started reading? When will we start？你们开始阅读了吗，我们什么时候开始？ (3)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语，它的作用就相当于一个及物动词，也叫短语动词。主要有五种形式:动词+介词;动词+副词;动词+副词+介词;动词+名词+介词;be+形容词+介词。 2.及物动词 及物动词术身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。其结构有: 宾语 如:How long may I keep the book(宾语)，这本书我可以借多久? 及物动词 + 宾语+宾语补足语 如:I saw the children(宾语

4、)play(宾补)this afternoon. 间接宾语+直接宾语 如:Please pass me(间接宾语)the salt(直接宾语)。核心题根1 (1)Hows Bob now? -I hear the company him a very good job, but he turned it down. A. donated B. served C. offered D. introduced 思路点拨:donate“捐赠”; serve“招待”;offer“提供”;introduce“介绍”。offer sb sth“给某人提供某物”，是固定结构。 (2) The Chinese

5、 national womens badminton team the Japanese team by 3:1 in India on May 24. A. won B. lost C. beat D. missed 思路点拨:win“赢得”，其后常接比赛的奖品或获得的荣誉;lose“输掉(比赛、战斗、争论等)”;beat“击败，战胜”，后接表示人或团队的名词;miss“错过”。空格后的宾语the Japanese team为表示团体的名词。句意为“5月24日，中国国家女子羽毛球队在印度以3:1战胜日本队”。 同类变式1 (1) Parents often their children so

6、me good advice. A. offer; with B. offer; / C. provide; with D. both B and C (2)(安徽中考)I dont the heat, for Im used to hot weather A. like B. mind C. know D. stand (3) The bag was very good, and she 30 percent down for it. A. paid B. cost C. bought D. spent方法技巧 动词是英语句子的核心，可以说“得动词，得英语”。学习动词要注意两点: 在词汇意义

7、上汉语与英语的思维差异。 动词与其他词的习惯搭配。如interest(v.使感兴趣)，其主语是sth，而不是sb。如: English interests me.=Im interested in English. 再如不同的“看”:精彩笔记2 及物动词(短语)+直接宾语+间接宾语 (1)英语中有些动词可以带两个宾语，这些动词大多具有“给予”的含义。如:He lent me a book.他借给我一本书。动词后面带有表示动作结果的直接宾语(a book)和表示动作目标的间接宾语me。 Please tell me how the accident came about.请告诉我事故是怎样发生的

8、。(me为间接宾语，how引导的宾语从句为直接宾语。) (2)间接宾语在大多数情况下位于直接宾语之前，如果间接宾语在后，间接宾语之前必须加“to”(表示动作对什么人而做)或“for”(表示为什么人而做)。如: He sent me a card=He sent a card to me. She bought me a coat. =She bought a coat for me.核心题根2 把下列句子改为同义句。 (1)He paid the shopkeeper some money. (2)He handed me the prize. (3)The waiter brought a

9、bottle of beer to the man. (4)He sold all his books to me. (5)The shop assistant found some curtain material for me. (6)He did me a big favour. (7)She showed her husband her new hat. (8)She promised a reward to the finder. (9)He gave his son some advice. 思路点拨:考查双宾语的结构和用法。及物动词(短语)+间接宾语+直接宾语=及物动词(短语)+

10、直接宾语+to/for十间接宾语。 同类变式2改写下列句子，句子的意思不变。 (1)His uncle left him some money. (2)He is teaching English to us. (3)I bought this bunch of flowers for you. (4)Bring that book to me please. (5)He offered me a cigarette. (6)Read me the first paragraph. (7)Ive ordered some soup for you. (8)I owe him a lot of

11、money. (9)Pass the mustard to your father.知识归纳 (1)指人的间接宾语在指物的直接宾语后面时，间接宾语前需加for的动词有:buy买，find找到 ,keep保留，make做，draw画，choose选择，save保存，paint用颜料画。如:Ill buy some flowers for my mother。 (2)指人的间接宾语在指物的直接宾语后面时，间接宾语前需加to的动词有:bring带来，pass递，give给，hand递，post寄，return返还，teach教，show出示，wish祝愿，tell告诉，sell卖，promise许诺

12、，read读。 (3)什么是宾语?动作的承受者叫宾语，一般在谓语动词之后。可以充当宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、名词化形容词与副词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、宾语从句等。精彩笔记3 及物动词十宾语+宾语补足语 “宾语+宾语补足语”构成了复合宾语，宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。 We all find him a nice boy.我们都发现他是一个不错的男孩。( him为宾语，a nice boy为宾补) (1)形容词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的状态或特生，前面常见的动词有make, keep, get, find, wish, leave，see，prove，consider，set等。

13、 Who left the window open，谁把窗户开着的? (2)名词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份或情况。前面常见的动词有call, name, make, elect, think, find，consider等。 They made him captain of the ship.他们选他当了船长。 (3)不定式作宾语补足语，表示宾语所代表的人和物所做的动作。 They forbade her to leave the country.他们禁止她离开这个国家。 (4)现在分词作宾语补足语表示宾语正在进行的动作，过去分词作宾语补足语表示与宾语之间的被动关系。 I found my

14、teacher working at the desk.我发现老师IE伏案工作。 He raised his voice to make himself heard.他提高声音让别人听到他(说的话)。 拓展常接v. -ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find等感官动词和look at, listen to等动词短语以及have, keep, get, make等使役动词。 (5)介词短语或副词作宾语补足语。 Please make yourself at home.请随便一点。 I found him in /ou

15、t.我发现他在家/不在家。核心题根3 (1) The mother felt herself cold and her hands trembled(颤抖)as she read the letter from the battlefield(战场). A. grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown 思路点拨:本题考查feel后跟不定式作宾语补足语时省略“t0”。句意:当这位母亲看着战场上的来信时，感觉浑身发凉，双手颤抖。 (2) I smell something in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a mi

16、nute? A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt 思路点拨:考查现在分词作宾语补足语。句意:我闻到厨房里有什么东西烧焦了。我一分钟后再打电话给你好吗?分析句子结构可知something是smell的宾语，而空白处的词是something的补足语。something与“burn燃烧”之间是主动关系。现在分词作宾语补足语，表示主动关系，且与句子的谓语同时发生，且正在进行。 (3) A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending，but the reader mu

17、st not be left . A. unsatisfied B. unsatisfying C. to be unsatisfying D. being unsatisfied 思路点拨:句意:一个好的故事没有必要非得有个完美的结局，但是一定不要让读者感到不满意。考查固定搭配。leave+宾语十宾语补足语，意为“使处于某种状态”。形容词、名词、现在分词都可以作宾语补足语。同类变式3 (1) When we saw the road with snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home. A. block(堵塞) B. to block C. b

18、locking D. blocked (2) Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself of his own dreams. A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind (3) What happens when you hear a strange noise at night, or find a big spider in the corner of your bedroom? It often makes us . A. j ump B. t

19、o j ump C. jumping D. jumped方法技巧 (1)有些感宫动词和使役动词后跟不定式作宾语补足语时不定式符号“to”该省略。这些词是see, watch，look at, notice，observe, fee1, listen to, hear, make, let, help。 (2)当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后有宾语补足语时，通常会在宾语补足语前使用it作为形式宾语，而将真正的宾语移至句末。其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式/动名词/从句”。精彩笔记4 延续性动词和非延续性动词 (1)非延续性动词:表示瞬间动作，动作一发生便立即结束。需要记

20、住的单词包括:hit, jump, tap, knock, marry，close，die，arrive，post，come，fall，leave，go，come，break，find，lose，give，join，borrow，lend，become，buy，receive，start，begin，graduate，finish，sell，kill，stop等。 (2)延续性动词:表示动作可以持续。需要记住的单词包括;read, play, talk, write, eat, drink, wait, live，work，study，walk，run，rain，snow，fly，be，hav

21、e等。 由这两类动词的性质决定，英语的瞬间动词不能在现在完成时句子中与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。只有延续性动词才可以在现在完成时句子中与这类时间状语连用。如: Tom和Peter成为朋友已经许多年了。 (误)Tom and Peter have become friends for many years. (正)Tom and Peter have been friends for many years. 他们结婚已经两年了。 (误)They have got married for two years. (正)They have been married for two years. (正

22、)They got married two years ago. 这本书我已经借了一个星期了。 (误)I have borrowed the book for a week. (正)I have kept the book for a week. (正)I borrowed the book a week ago. (正)It is one week since I borrowed the book. 我回家已经两个小时了。 (误)I have come back for 2 hours. (正)I have been at home for 2 hours. (正)I came back

23、home 2 hours ago. (正)It is 2 hours since I came back.核心题根4 (1) He an English club last year and has improved his English a lot. A. protected B. produced C. joined D. received 思路点拨:考查动词。句意:去年，他加入了一个英语俱乐部，他的英语已经提高了许多。protect保护;produce生产;join加入;receive收到。 (2) How long could I your English-Chinese dicti

24、onary? Only one day，please. A. keep B. borrow C. lend D. get 思路点拨:borrow和lend是终止性动词，不能与表示延续性的时间状语连用。句意:你的英汉词典我能借多久?只能借一天。borrow借入，lend借出，get得到，均为瞬间动词。若要与一段时间“how long”连用，须用延续性动词，则用keep。 同类变式4.(1)Mr Smith the car for one year. A. has had B. bought C. has bought D. had bought (2)Peter and his wife hom

25、e for a week up to now. A. have returned B. have been back C had returned D. has been at (3)Since 1948 he his hometown. A. has left B. has moved away from C. has been away from D. has gone to (4)His son the league for 3 months so far. A. joined B. has joined C. has been in D. had joined方法技巧 非延续性动词如何

26、表达延续的意义? (1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如:leavebe away, borrow keep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sthkeep sth open, fall illbe ill, catch a coldshave a cold。 (2)将句中表示“时间段”的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语。 (3)用句型“It is+时间段+since .”表达。 (4)用句型“时间+has pass

27、ed+since.”表达。 (5)终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示时间段的状语连用。如:He hasnt left here since 2002. (6)终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成“not +终止性动词+until! till .”的句型，意为“直到才”。如:You cant leave here until I arrive.精彩笔记5 系动词 (1)系动词+表语构成“系表结构”。be动词am，is，are，was，were 表示“感觉”look看起来，smell闻起来，taste尝起来，sound听起来，feel摸起来表示“变化

28、”become，turn，get，go，grow，fall，come，run 表示“保持，仍然”keep，remain，stay，stand，continue，lie，sit，prove 表示“似乎”appear，seem (2)表语: 句子成分可以分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语、独立成分等。其中表语用来表述主语的特征、身份和状态，位于系动词之后。能够作表语的通常有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句。核心题根5 (1) The meat on the plate so delicious. Lets try it together

29、. A. smells B. sounds C. sees D. feels 思路点拨:考查系动词的用法。smell闻起来;sound听起来;see看见;feel摸起来。结合句意可知，盘子里的肉“闻起来”如此美味。故smells符合题意。 (2) The new sweater I bought for my grandma soft. She likes it very much. A. looks B. smells C. tastes D. feels 思路点拨:look看起来;smell闻起来;taste尝起来;feel摸起来。结合句意可知，我给我奶奶买的新毛衣“摸起来”很柔软，她很喜

30、欢它。 同类变式5 (1) The running water makes the stones very smooth. A. sound B. taste C. smell D. feel (2)Do you know the song Where has the time gone? Sure. It beautiful. I like it a lot. A. smells B. tastes C. sounds D. looks (3)What do you think of the dish I cooked for you? I havent had it yet. Howeve

31、r, it good. A. tastes B. smells C. sounds D. feels知识归纳 (1)be(最常用的系动词，后面可跟各式各样的表语)还可以用在很多固定短语中，如be in, be off, be on, be over, be through, be careful of, be keen on, be productive of, be fond of, be sure of等。 (2)感官系动词表示“起来”，有feel摸起来，感觉)， smell(闻起来)，sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来，吃起来)等。如:Shes not feeling well this morning.今天早上她觉得不太舒服。 精彩笔记6 几个常常容易混淆的系动词 (1)表示变化的系动词用来表示主语变成什么样，各有侧重: become和turn后可跟名词作表语，其他则不能。如: His fath