强烈推荐英语非谓语动词.docx

1、强烈推荐英语非谓语动词非谓语动词高二英语 一、知识精要在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分，起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式the Infinitive，动名词the Gerund和分词the Participle。（一）动词不定式 一、不定式的形式一般式：to do / to be done不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once

2、.The teacher ordered the work to be done.进行式：to be doing不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.完成式：to have done / to have been done不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：Im sorry to have lost your key.It is a great honour to have been invited to parti

3、cipate in this celebration.否定式：not + (to) do二、不定式的句法功能动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能充当句子中所有的句子成分。1.不定式做主语：(1) To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose heart means failure. 动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it代替它作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose heart.(

4、2)不定式和动名词做主语的区别: 动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。 例如： Doing sports is good for peoples health. To do too much exercise is not good for him as he has a heart illness.2.不定式作表语(1)表示主语的具体内容。His wish is to become a scientist.The duty of a postman is to deliver letters

5、 and newspapers.注意：主语部分有实义动词do 时，表语中可以省略to。 What he did first was (to) walk up to his friend and hug him. (2)“be to do”还可以表示不同的情态意义。 Children are not to smoke. (禁止)They are to marry next week. (安排)You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed. (愿望) Man is to live a better life in the next

6、 century. (事态发展或预期的结果)注意有几个不定式作表语，需用主动表被动：Parents are to blame if their children do not have good manners. The house is to let. 该房屋出租。3.不定式做宾语(1)接不定式做宾语的常见动词：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, begin, choose, come, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, learn, lo

7、ng, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, want, wish 注意: demand/hope只能接to do 不能接sb to do。 (2)一些动词要用疑问词+不定式作宾语。 常见的动词有：decide, know, learn, wonder, find out, remember, see 等。 I dont know how to do it. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. (3)feel, find, judge, make

8、, think, believe, consider等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，补语是形容词（间或是名词），常用it 作形式宾语，把不定式后移。I thought it a great pity not to have invited her. I find it hard to work with him. (4)在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 We meant to have stayed there a week. (= We had meant to stay t

9、here a week.)(5)在介词but 和except后的动词形式：在这种句式中，如介词前有实义动词do, 后面接不带to的不定式；如果是其他动词, 则接带to不定式。 On that rainy night I had nothing to do but stay in my car. He didnt say a word but to listen. (6)作形容词的宾语句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。 John was happy to be given the job.句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。 Thisproblemiseasytosolve.Sheishard/diffi

10、culttogetalongwith.The chair is comfortable to sit on. He is pleasant to work with. 即在easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, interesting等形容词后的不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。4.不定式作宾语补足语(1)v.+ sb.+ to do 常见动词：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want,

11、warn, wish(2) v.+sb./sth.+ to bebelieve, consider, find, feel, imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, understandHe judged her to be a thief. (3) v.+ sb./sth. + do 感觉动词和使役动词与不带to的不定式连用, 但这种句式在变为被动语态时应带to。如see, watch, notice, hear, make, have, let等。Though he had often made his little sister cry,

12、 today he was made to cry by his little sister.(4) help sb. (to) do Id like to help him ( to ) work out the problem. 5.不定式作定语(1)不定式可以修饰作主语的名词，相当于一个定语从句，表明动作即将发生。The conference to take place next month will certainly be a great success. (= The conference which will take place)(2)动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后

13、。与所修饰词有如下关系：动宾关系。I have much to do. I have a question to ask. 如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。She has a big house to live in. The lonely man has no one to talk to. 但：She has no place to live.主谓关系。此时被修饰词常为：the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing 等常跟不定式作定语。He is always the first to come. He i

14、s the only one to pass the exam. 同位关系。表示被修饰词的具体内容。 I lost the opportunity to give my opinion on it.Some children had no chance to go to school. 6.不定式做状语(1) 表示目的。不定式作目的状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后部。但如要表示强调，也可以位于句首，前面可加in order, 但不能用so as。其否定式不能用not + to do, 必须用in order not + to do 或so as not to do。

15、I opened the window to let some fresh air in. In order to catch the train, they took a taxi. Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.注意：在英语中，目的一般用不定式表示，不用for + doing这一形式。We eat to live. (不用for doing)(2) 作结果状语。What have I said to make you so angry?不定式表示结果常见于下列句型：only to do; so as to do; such

16、as to do; enough to do; too to do。 The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had left. (表示该结果出乎意料)Would you be so kind as to help me carry the big bag for me? 下列形容词是对人进行表扬或批评的，后面常接不定式表示结果: nice, polite, generous,kind, selfish, silly等。 You were silly not to have locked

17、 your car.He is generous to lend us a large sum of money.（3）表示原因。常表示引发某种情绪的原因。 Im happy to see that. We were surprised to hear the news. （4）表明说话人的态度，在句中作独立成分。To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.三、动词不定式的逻辑主语1.句子的主语就是不定式的逻辑主语。 I have much to do. 2.当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语时，需要加上逻辑主语。在Its + adj

18、. + for sb. to do sth.结构中，形容词往往表示事物的性质。It is important for us to study English. It is easy for us to get the latest information. 在 Its + adj. + of sb. + to do sth.结构中，形容词通常表示人物的性格和特征。Its nice of you to give me so much help. (=You are nice to give me so much help.) 四、补充句型1.主语+ be said/reported/believ

19、ed/thought/considered+to do He is said to have traveled to many countries. (= It is said that he has travelled to many countries.)This pop group is believed to be the best of this year. (= It is believed that this pop group is the best of this year.) 2. There is no need + to do There is no need to s

20、uffer in silence. (二) 动名词 一、动名词的形式一般式：doing / being doneMr. Green failed to catch the plane to Mexico, so he escaped being killed in the plane crash.完成式：having done / having been doneHaving studied computer is an important qualification for the job. 否定式：not + 动名词二、动名词的句法功能动名词具有名词词性， 在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语和

21、定语。1.作主语Shaking ones head means “no” and nodding means “yes”.动名词作主语，有时也会用it 作形式主语：Its no use crying over spilt milk. Its no good drinking too much alcohol. 2.作表语 My job is teaching. Your task is learning English well. 一般，主语与表语可互换。Teaching is my job.Learning English well is your task.3.作宾语(1) 动词宾语：有些

22、动词后加动词的动名词形式作宾语。 常见动词包括：admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay , deny, enjoy, escape, encourage, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, permit, resist, risk, suggest, understand 等，其中有些可用sb./sth. doing 结构。注意其中advise, allow, forbid, encourage, permit可用不定式作宾语补足语

23、。We dont allow smoking in the office.We dont allow them to smoke in the office.主语+need/want/require doing , 意思是 “主语需要被” The flowers want watering. ( =The flowers want to be watered.)Our house needs repairing. ( = Our house needs to be repaired.)有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语。意义基本相同的: begin, continue, star

24、t, love, like, hate, prefer, stand意义不同的：forget, remember, regret, stop, go on, try, mean, cant help(2)动词短语的宾语be busy, be worth，cant help, end up，feel like, give up等。(3)介词短语 spend time (in) doing sth, have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth, have a hard time (in) doing sth注意:下列短语中的to是介词，而不是动词不定式符号，因此

25、后面要接动词的动名词形式。 be used to, devote oneself to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, make a contribution to, object to, pay attention to, prefer doing to doing ,stick toMrs. Wang devoted herself to protecting wildlife.Im looking forward to hearing from you.4.作定语表示被修饰词的用途a walking stick, a washing mac

26、hine, a waiting room, a dressing mirror三、动名词的逻辑主语1. 当动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语应为所有格形式。Toms/His coming made me very excited. 2. 当动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语可为所有格或普通格。Do you mind him/his/Toms/Tom sitting here?注：当逻辑主语为无生命的东西时，用普通格。Can you imagine a plane dropping down on the roof of a house? （三） 分词一、现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词的基本意义过去分词的基本

27、意义1.主动语态，即与被修饰词构成主动关系。1.被动语态，即与被修饰词构成被动关系。2.进行时态，即表示动作正在进行、即将发生或表示某个状态。2.完成时态，即表示已经完成的动作或所处的状态。现在分词的形式过去分词的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done 现在分词的形式过去分词的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done 现在分词的形式过去分词的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done 现在分词的形式过去分词的形式do

28、ing/being donedonehaving done/having been done Can you see the star moving in the sky?Do you know the number of people coming to the party?There is a piano standing in the corner.Is this the book written by Henry?Dressed in white, she suddenly appeared.二、分词的形式现在分词的形式过去分词的形式doing/being donedonehaving

29、 done/having been done1.现在分词的形式(1)现在分词的主动语态：一般式：现在分词表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。完成式：现在分词表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。They went to the park, singing and talking. Having done his homework, he played basketball.(2)现在分词的被动语态：一般式：表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作。完成式：表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important

30、. Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. (3)否定式：not + 现在分词2. 过去分词的形式：过去分词只有done这一种形式，表示已经完成的动作或所处的状态。Lost in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.三、分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词词性。因此在句子中可以充当：定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。但：现在分词的完成式（即having done / having been done）通常作状语。Having been in bed for three

31、days, he was sent to hospital.She is the girl having amazed me with her talent. () 1. 作表语 分词作表语相当于形容词现在分词: 表示主语所具有的特征; “令人的” 过去分词: 表示主语所处的状态；“感到的” The book interests me. ( The book 动作发出者；me 动作承受者) The book is interesting. I am interested in the book. 2. 作定语 English-speaking countries spoken English当分词动作与被修饰词是主动关系，用现在分词；如果是被动关系，用过去分词。另外，不及物动词的分词形式作定语时，现在分词表示