初中英语句法.docx

1、初中英语句法句法一、 句子的意义类型 英语句子按其用途或交际功能可分为四种：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1、 陈述句 陈述句使用来叙述事实或陈述说话人的思想感情等的句子。它包括肯定句和否定句两种。根据括号内要求改写句子。1 They had lunch at school eveyday.(改为否定句)_.2 How does Jack learn English?(用 by watching videos回答)_.3 They havent fixed up all the old bikes yet.(还原为肯定句).4 All of them are made in France.(

2、改为否定句).5 Is there anything intresting in the story?(改为肯定句).2、 疑问句 疑问句是用来提出问题的句子。按期交际功能分为四种：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。一般疑问句：用来询问一件事或一个情况是否属实。用yes or no 回答。Eg:Does he ofteh go hiking on weekends? Yes, he does. Are there any public restrooms near here? No, there arent.特殊疑问句：用疑问代词或疑问副词引导的疑问句。一般不能用yes or n

3、o 回答，回答要说明具体内容。 Eg: Where have you been these days?/ What can I do for you?选择疑问句：从并列的两种或两种以上的情况中选择一种作答。它的形式是“一般疑问句+or+供选择部分”。回答时不能用yes or no，只能从中选择一种来作答。 Eg；:Do you want to join the chess club or the English club?English club.Is the girl outgoing or quiet?Shes quiet.反意疑问句：表示提问者有一定的主见，但没有把握，需要对方来证实；或

4、是用反问来加强语气。它由两部分组成，前一部分是对事情的陈述，后一部分是简短的提问。如果陈述部分是肯定，则后一部分用否定；如果陈述部分是否定，则后一部分用肯定。两部分的人称和时态要一致。 Eg: He was born in a small town, wasnt he?They didnt visit the famous university last year, did they?He has hands, hasnt he?(他有手，不是吗？)As a reporter, he has to report the accident in time, doesnt he?（作为记者，他的及

5、时报道此事件，不是吗？）疑问句专项练习1、 Mike had nothing for breakfast,_?A. hadnt he B. did he C. diant he 2、_is this? This is my friend, John.A. What B. Who C. Which 3、Which is smaller, the sun_the moon? A. and B. but C. or 4. She didnt come to school last week, did she?_, tough she was not feeling very well.A. No,

6、she didnt B. No, she did. C. Yes, she did. 5. _do you go to Beijing?Ive never been there.A. How often B. How far C. How long祈使句 祈使句用来表示请求、命令和建议。祈使句的主语省略，谓语动词只用原形。否定句在动词前叫dont.例如：Sit down, please./ Lets go and play with him./ Dont shout at her./ Why not run!祈使句专项练习1、_late for the meeting.A. Not to be

7、 B. Not be C. Dont be2、Dont forget to post the letter for me, _? A. will you B. shall I C. do you3、_,or youll miss the early bus. A. Being quick B. Be quick C. Quick4. Why dont we stay at home or_to the movies!A. to go B. going C. go感叹句 感叹句是用来表示强烈感情的句子。其基本形式为： How+(adj./adv.)+主语+谓语 如：How beautiful t

8、he flowers are!What+(a/an)+adj.+s单数n./不可数n.+(主语+谓语) 如：What a cute kid!/What a bad luck!What+adj.+复数 n.+主语+谓语 如：What good students they are!感叹句专项练习1、_the girl is singing!A. How beautiful B. How beautifully C. What a beautiful2. How careful_!A. the girl is B. is the girl C. the girl she is3. _story it

9、 is!A. What interesting B. What an interesting C. How interesting4. _the weather is!A. What a fine B. How fine C. What fine5._good time we had at the party last night!A. What B. How C. What a二、 句子的结构类型 从句子的结构来分，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1、 简单句 只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。有五种基本结构：1 主语+谓语（不及物V.）（+状语）Eg: Im

10、going next week.2 主语+连系V.+表语 Eg: They are still alive.3 主语+谓语（及物V.）+宾语 Eg: The barber is cutting my hair.4 主语+谓语（及物V.）+间接宾语+直接宾语 Eg: He told me the news.5 主语+谓语（及物V.）+宾语+宾语补足语 Eg: I found the door open.2、 并列句 用and, or, but, not onlybut also等连词连接起来的两个或两个以上简单句叫并列句。并列句的结构：简单句+连接词+简单句Eg: Now I am enjoyi

11、ng learning English and I got an A this term. She is very old but she is in good health. We must hurry,or well be late for school. Jim not only wrote to me last week but also came to see me yesterday.并列句专项练习（ ）1、Time goes by,_good friendships may be lost. A. and B. or C. but（ ）2、Tom works very hard,

12、_his family is still very poor. A. but B. so C.and（ ）3、Perhaps they said something you didnt like,_you felt they were unfamiliar. A. but B. and C. so（ ）4、Hurry up,_youll miss the early bus. A. but B. and C. so（ ）5、He was not interested in studing,_he often got into trouble with the police. A. but B.

13、 and C. so3、 复合句 复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句是句子的主体，从句在句子中充当一个句子成分充当宾语的从句叫宾语从句；充当状语的从句，叫状语从句；充当定语的从句，叫定语从句。从句通常要用一个词来引导，这个词叫引导词，如：what, who, where, when, if, wheter, while, before, after.复合句的结构：主语+引导词+从句宾语从句 由一个句子来充当宾语，叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序：永远是陈述句语序（即从句的主语在前，谓语在后）宾语从句的人称：随合理的逻辑自然变化。如：She said, “I am much be

14、tter than before.” She said she was much better than before.宾语从句的引导词：如果宾语从句是由陈述句转化而来，要用连词that 引导，that可省略。Eg: He said (that) I was lazy.如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来，要用连词if或wether. Eg: He asked if (wether) we could help him.如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而来，连词就用特殊疑问词，如: when, where, why, who, ehose, which, how.Eg: Could you ple

15、ase tell me where the restrooms are?注意：引导词when和if在引导宾语从句和状语从句时，后面的时态有差别。在状语从句中when的意思是“当时候”；在宾语从句中，when表“何时”。If也一样，在状语从句中译为“如果，假如”；在宾语从句中，译为“是否。如： Please let me know when Ann comes back.(状语从句；when当时候) I want to know when Ann will come back.（宾语从句；When表何时） I dont know when he will come back. But when

16、he comes back, Ill let you know.(第一个when在宾从中，表“何时”；第二个when在状从中，表“当时候”)I dont know if she will come back. But if she comes back, Ill let you kmow.(第一个if在宾从中，表“是否”；第二个if在状从中，表“如果”)宾语从句的时态：主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句的谓语动词可以是任何需要的时态。主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的谓语动词用表示过去的时态。Eg: She added that having conversations with f

17、riends was not helpful at all.当宾语从句表示真理、科学原理及自然现象时，从句的谓语不受主句制约，用一般现在时。如：The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.宾语从句专项练习( ) 1. He told her_she could catch the early bus.A. which B. where C. what( ) 2. Mrs.Green asked me_I would go with her. A. that B. which C. why( ) 3. Can you tell

18、 me why_yesterday.A. you didnt come B. dont you come C. didnt you come ( ) 4. He said that his boss_Chengdu. So I cant see him at the moment. A. had been to B. had gone to C. has gone to( ) 5. He said that the earth_around the sun. A. traveled B. will travel C. travels（2）、状语从句由一个句子做状语，叫状语从句。特点：状语从句在

19、复合句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。状语从句由连词引导，连词在句中不充当句子成分，只起连接的作用。分类：根据意义不同，状语从句分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。时间状语从句：引导词：when, while, before, by the time, after, since, as, until, as soon as, whenever等。A. when 引导的时间状语从句表示主句谓语动词的动作与从句谓语动词的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。可表示“一段”时间

20、。Eg:She was taking a walk when I called her.B. while引导时间状语从句强调主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，意为“在期间、在过程中”。While 引导的时间状从只能表示一段时间（同延续性动词连用），不能同非延续性动词连用。Eg: While she was watching, she heard the bell ring.C. As 引导的时间状语从句表示“当时，一边一边”，指主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，既可同延续性动词也可同非延续性动词连用。Eg: I saw her as she was getting off the bus.D. B

21、efore, by the time引导的时间状语从句所表示的动作发生在主句动作之后。如果强调主句的动作先完成或先发生，则主句谓语要用过去完成时；如不强调动作完成的先后，主句和从句均用一般过去时。Eg: By the time he got to the stop, the bus had left./ He worked in Tibet before he came here.E. After引导的时间状语从句所表示的动作发生在主句动作之前。如强调动作的先后，after从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时；如不强调动作的先后，而表示连续动作，主句和从句均用一般过去时。Eg: After I

22、had fixed up my bike, I went bicycling.地点状语从句：由where, wherever 引导。Eg: I follow him wherever he goes.条件状语从句：由if, unless引导。Eg: If I have enough money, I will buy a car. 注意：在条件状语从句中，所说的内容与事实相反，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。Eg: If I were you, Id wear a shirt . What would you do if you had a million dollars now.比较状语: 从句：引导

23、词有：than, the+比较级the+比较级， as+原级as， not as/so+原级as. Eg: Tom went to scholl earlier than Kate did. Mary runs as fast as her brother does.原因状语从句：引导词有：because, since, as , now that. Eg: Because he was ill, he was absent yesterday. Since Mario has finished homework, he can leave now.方式状语从句：引导词有as, as if等。

24、Eg: Please do as I do./ He walks as if he is so old.目的状语从句：引导词有so that, in order that等，目的状语从句的谓语常含有many, might, can, could, should, would（情态动词等）Eg: He studied hard so that he might pass the Entrance Exams.结果状语从句：引导词so, sothat, suchthat等。Eg: the tree is so high that we cant reach it./ He studied hard

25、 so he became the top student of the class.让步状语从句：引导词though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter等。Eg:Although he has failed many times, he doesnt give up trying. No matter what happens, Ill follow your steps.状语从句专项练习1、_you always eat too much, you may be ill. A. although B.

26、If c. Why2、_it was right, they stopped working.A. As B. So C. As if3. The teacher had already left_Igot to his office. A. before B. since C. after4. He finds watching English movies frustrating_people in them speak too quikly. A. as if B. where C. because5. First of all, it wasnt easy for me to unde

27、rstand the teacher_she talked to the class. A. now that B. unless C. when6. If I _young, I _soccer like you now. But Im eighty years old. A. am, will play B. were, would play C. was, could play定语从句在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导词：who(指人), that (指人或物)， where(指地点)，whichThat可以

28、指人或物。Eg: I like pop stars that wear really cool clothes. I like music than I can dance to.Who指人。Eg: I prefer singers who write their own lyrics.Where指地点。Eg: Everyone wants to visit the place where Einstein once worked.Which: 非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如（1）The house,whi

29、ch I bought last year,has a lovely garden.我去年买的的房子带着个漂亮的花园。（2）This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。特殊情况：只能用that的情况，1. 先行词被all，every，no，any，some，little，much，one修饰时；2. 先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时；This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy

30、.3. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.4. 先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时；There is a bird that can speak.5. 先行词有人又有物时；Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?6. 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复，常用that.淘气的娃娃 美丽的夏夜 可口的松果 闷热的天气Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?7. 先行词为everything，all，little，much等不定代词时；eg:如：爱（爱人