定语从句笔记.docx

1、定语从句笔记定语从句授课人：Prof. WoodenPart 1 定语从句定义及概述什么是定语从句？(1)定语从句：在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名 词或代词的从句叫定语从句。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词。(3)关系词：分为关系代词和关系副词，在从句中担当一定成分。Eg.I will never forget the girl（先行词） that（关系词） I met yesterday in the street（定语从句）. 定语从句两个必须先行词在从句中必须作一个成分；先行词所作的成分必须空缺。Part 2 关系代词引导的定语从句 项目关系词关系词先行词所指关系词在从句中

2、的作用关系代词that人/物主语、宾语、表语which物/事主语、宾语、表语who人主语、宾语whom人宾语whose人/物定语as人/物/事情主语、宾语、表语1. 关系代词that的用法用法：既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。 1)This is the factory that produces cars.(作主语,指物)2)The girl that spoke to me just now is my classmate. (作主语,指人) 3)The film (that) we saw yesterday is interesting. (作宾语，

3、指物)关系代词that的特权和禁区1. 特权：行使特权的条件：（1）限定性定语从句（即从句前无逗号）； （2）介词没有提前。2. 禁区：有两种情况下，关系代词不会用that,指物时用which；指人时用who/whom。（1）非限定性定于从句（即从句前有逗号）；（2）介词提前时。2.关系代词which的用法用法：指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。 1)China is a country which has a long history.(作主语)2)The car (which) my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the

4、 earthquake. (作宾语) 只用that 不用which的情况：(1)先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。 This is the best book that I have ever read. (2)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。The first book that I bought was about how to learn English.(3)先行词是all, much, little, none, few 等不定代词或由some, any, every, no等词构成的复合代词时）I did all that I could do at that time. There w

5、as little that the doctor could do for the patient.(4)当先行词被the only, the very修饰时。 The only thing that he can do is to say sorry to her. (5)先行词既有人又有物。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?(6)主句已有疑问词who/ which时。Which is the book that you like? Who is the woman that was praised

6、 at the meeting? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系词在从句中也作表语时。 He is no longer the man that he was ten years ago.只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况：(1)当关系代词前有介词时。A desert is a great plain in which nothing will grow.(2)引导非限制性定语从句时。The students was late for class 7 times a week, which made

7、her teacher mad. (3)一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个宜用which。(4)当先行词本身是that时。That which I had known about made them surprised.3.关系代词who的用法用法：指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。 1)I know the man who spoke to you just now.(作主语)2)She is not the girl who she was.(作表语) 4.关系代词whom的用法用法：指人，who的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语

8、中可用who或that代替。1)Here is the man (whom) you are looking for.2)The woman (whom) you saw just now is our English teacher.关系代词who和whom的选择Mr. Smith is the very man who/whom you are looking for. I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.Is that the man with whom you arrived yesterday?5. 关系代词w

9、hose的用法用法：可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。1)This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.(指人)2)The room whose windows face the east is mine. (指物）关系代词whose的选择The man whose wallet was stolen called for the police for help. The boy whose father is a teacher has been admitted to Oxford University. Th

10、e house whose windows are mostly broken belongs to my uncle.The tree whose branches are basically bare dates back to 200 years ago.6.关系代词as的用法用法：既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在the sameas,suchas,asas等句型中,as不能省略。 1)Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.(指人，作主语)2)Ill buy the same dictionary as you

11、have.(指物，作宾语) 关系代词as的选择(1)当先行词中有so, such等修饰语时； 如：This is so good a book as I can hardly tear myself away from. Never promise such things as you cant achieve. This is so good a movie _as_we all wish to see. This is so good a movie _it_ we all wish to see it. (2)当定语从句置于句首时； 如：As is known to all, the e

12、arth travels around the sun once every year. As we had expected, the students who had cheated in the exams were punished. (3)当先行词中有the same 修饰时，有时用that也有时用as来引导定语从句。二者意思稍有不同。如：This is the same shirt as I wore yesterday. (这件衬衣和我昨天穿的那件一样。意思是说并不是同一件。)This is the same shirt that I wore yesterday. (这是我昨天

13、穿的那件衣服。同一件衣服。) The students in New York are using the same textbooks as we are using. 关系代词的省略 有两个条件：(1)限定性定语从句； (2)作宾语或表语。E.g. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. （2006北京高考） A. who ; 不填 B. 不填 ; who C. who ; who D. 不填; 不填Pa

14、rt 3 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词先行词所指在句中所作成分When 时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语特别提醒：when, where既能引导限定性定语从句，也能引导非限定性定语从句，而why通常引导限定性定语从句。如： That is the day when he got married. That is the time when all of us lived together as a family. That is the factory where I used to work. That is the hospital where my son was

15、born ten years ago. That is the reason why he was fired. (1) 表示时间的先行词除了time之外，还有：day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等； (2)表示地点的先行词除了place之外，还可以是desk, table, spot, room, house, school, street, town, country等。 (3) 表示原因的先行词一般只有reason一个。 1.关系副词使用的几种变化1)关系副词通常也可以用“that+介词后置”代替或省略；

16、2_在正式文体中，也可以使用“介词+which”的结构。That is the river where I used to swim. (关系副词)That is the river that I used to swim in. (that +介词后置)That is the river I used to swim in. (省略)That is the river in which I used to swim. (介词+which)2.介词+which结构中的介词选择问题1)介词与先行词之间的搭配关系；I still remember the time when (at which)

17、I first became a high school student. There are several areas in the city where (in which) you can buy clothes in fashion. 2)介词与从句中谓语动词的搭配关系。I saw the stamp of which my father was very proud. Here is some money with which you can buy some books. There was nobody in the family to whom he could turn f

18、or help. (固定短语turn to sb. 向某人求助)The play in which I played an important role was a great success. (to play a role in the play就不是固定短语。)2.抽象的先行词带来的关系副词的选择问题 Its helpful to put children in a situation_they can see themselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D. whereI have reached a point in my lif

19、e _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. A. which B. where C. how D. whyLife?is?like?a?long?race_we?compete?with?others?to?go? beyond?ourselves. A. why? ?B. what C. that? ?D. whereShell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A. that B. which C. w

20、here D. whenPart 4限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句1.非限定性定语从句的由来Tom is the only student who has been admitted to Harvard in my class. 汤姆是我们班唯一一个已经被哈佛大学录取的学生。The principal, who was seated on my right, delivered an exciting speech. 校长发表了一个令人振奋的演讲，当时他就坐在我右边。2.限定性与非限定性定语从句的意义区别The old man has two sons who serve in the a

21、rmy. 老人有两个当兵的儿子。The old man has two sons, who serve in the army. 老人有两个儿子，都当兵。非限定性定语从句有时可以像一个并列句，例如：He has a walk after dinner every evening, which is good for his health. = He has a walk after dinner every evening, and this is good for his health. He likes reading books, which I am delighted to hear

22、. = He likes reading books and I am delighted to hear that. 非限定性定语从句还可以从意义上像一个状语从句，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等。例如： The new engineer, who has read the instructions, failed in the project. 归纳总结限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句意义起限定作用，是主句不可缺少的成分起补充说明作用，省去后不影响主句的意思形式与先行词间无逗号常用逗号与主句分开翻译常译成前置定语常译成并列的分句4.非限定性定语从句的引导词的问题一般来说，除了关系代词tha

23、t和关系副词why，其他定语从句的引导词均可以引导非限定性定语从句。例如： His speech, which inspired everyone, was well received. A student, who was admitted to an ordinary university, was greatly disappointed. The cinema, whose roof was damaged in the storm, will be brought down. They will fly to New York next Friday, where they have

24、 planned to stay for a few weeks. You can come next weekend, when the books will be ready for you. 5.as、which 引导的非限定性定语从句as和which在引导非限定性定语从句时的相同点和区别：1)相同点：as和which都可以指代整个句子的内容。 The meeting was put off，which/as was exactly what we wanted.这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。2)不同点：as引导的从句既可以位于主句前，也可位于主句后，主从句没有前后逻辑关系，常表示

25、“正如”；而which引导的从句只能位于主句后，主从句常有一定的因果关系或前后顺序，常表示“这一点”，相当于and this或and that。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 As everyone knows，all that glitters is not gold. =All that glitters，as everyone knows，is not gold. =All that glitters is not gold， as everyone knows. 众所

26、周知，并不是所有发光的东西都是金子。Part 5 定语从句使用的注意事项1.分析成分的能力和意识(1)如果空白后面紧跟着动词的，明显缺少的是主语。Mr. Goodman has to be away on business on Feb. 8th, _ happens to be his wifes birthday. A. which B. when C. that D. on which (2) 及物动词后必然有宾语，即如果及物动词后面没有宾语，先行词就是作动词的宾语。The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Brit

27、ain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. 【2008江苏高考】 A. which B. what C. that D. where(3) 不及物动词后没有宾语，在不缺少主语的情况下，先行词则通常作状语等成分。- Is that the small town you often refer to?- Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years.A. that B. which C. where D. what (4)介词后面通常要跟宾语，如果介词后面没有宾语，则先行词通常作这个介词的

28、宾语。-Do you have anything to say for yourselves? -Yes，theres one point _ we must insist on Awhy Bwhere Chow D/2.并列连词的陷阱Tom has two brothers, both of whom love sports. Tom has two brothers and both of them love sports. (简单的并列连词：and, but, so, or, yet) 3.way意为“方式，方法”，作先行词时的关系词的选择问题1)用“介词+which”引导定语从句；例如

29、：I dont like the way in which you speak to your mother. 2)用that引导定语从句；例如：I dont like the way that you speak to your mother.3)省略关系词；例如：I dont like the way you speak to your mother. 4.介词+关系副词的问题Look over there! some people are standing on the top of the building, _ you can enjoy the view of the whole

30、city. A. where B. from which C. where D. from where1)Soon after getting off his horse, the captain appeared at the second storey windows, from where he could see nothing but trees. 2)She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town. 5. 先行词为“time” 时，引导词的选

31、择1)time 意为“次数”时，定语从句常用that 引导。)time意为“时期，一段时间”时，定语从句常用when, during which, at which 等引导；Its the first time (that) Ive been here.Ill never forget the time when/ during which we played together.6. 分隔式定语从句定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开，此时找准先行词是关键。The village has developed a lot we learned farming two years ago. （07福建卷）A.when