届高考英语独立主格结构.docx

1、届高考英语独立主格结构2010届高考英语独立主格结构 英语专题：独立主格结构一、概念：“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。 二、功能：“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条、表方式、表伴

2、随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。三、形式：独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：ing 分词独立主格结构；ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。四、举例：1、There being nthing else t d, the gne aa由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词ing; 表原因）2、iss ang e int the lassr, bs in hand王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）3、The ld an sat in his hair, his ees lsed

3、老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词ed; 表状态）4、lass ver, e began t pla basetball放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词副词；表时间）、ithut a rd re spen, he pied up the paper没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（借此结构；表伴随）6、The last guest t arrive, ur part as started最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词不定式；表时间） 五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不

4、一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例： If tie perit, ed better have a rest at this eeend Tie peritting，ed better have a rest at this eeend如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。 hen e see fr the tp flr, e an find the garden re beautiful Seeing fr the tp flr, e an find the garden re beautiful 从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。2、 还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是

5、总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例： Ling fr ath in the r, it had taen e a lng tie 在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则) hen planting these flers, are ust be taen nt t daage the rt (我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同： 1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generall speaing;

6、 franl speaing; udging fr; suppsing等等。例： Generall speaing, the rule is ver eas t understand总的说，这个规则很容易懂。 udging fr hat he said, she ust be an hnest girl 根据他所说的，她一定很诚实。2、有些固定短语是带t的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：t be hnest; t be sure; t tell u the truth; t ut a lng str shrt; t be fran; t ae the atter

7、rse等等。例： T tell u the truth, hat I said at the eeting as nt pinin 说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。 T ae the atter rse, he led his es in the ar 更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了 七、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Suh an able an t help u，u ill surel sueed sner r later 有这么能干的人帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（suh an able an和 t help u 之间存在

8、着主谓关系）= Sine suh an able an ill help u, u ill surel sueed sner r laterHe seating hiself at the des, his ther began t tell hi a str他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating hiself at the des拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）= hen he seated hiself at the des, his ther began t tell hi a strThe e t the bie lst, he had t al t shl

9、由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lst 的逻辑主语是the e，lst 也可以用完成式having been lst）= Beause the e t the bie had been lst, he had t al t shl A不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句表达。1动词不定式用主动的形式在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His ther t e tnight，he is bus preparing the dinner他母亲今晚要,

10、他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his ther is t e tnight, he is bus preparing the dinner）ill u g t the nert tnight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？srr S an exerise-bs t he, I reall ant affrd an tie对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。（Beause I shall he s an exerise-bs tnight ,I reall ant affrd an tie）The fur f us agreed n a divisin f labur , eah t trans

11、late a quarter f the b我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。（The fur f us agreed n a divisin f labur and eah is t translate a quarter f the b）an trees,flers,and grass t be planted, ur nel-built shl ill l even re beautiful 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If an trees,flers,and grass are planted,ur nel-built shl ill l eve

12、n re beautiful)B-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill, he ent he 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he as ver ill, he ent he）Seating hiself at the des, he began t read a agazine在桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= hen he had seated hiself at the des, he began t read a agazine）1 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everne being read, th

13、e teaher began his lass 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上。（相当于一个时间状语从句hen everne asread)The hairan began the eeting , everne being seated每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everne as seated）2 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The b leading the a, e had n truble finding the strange ave 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Beause the b le

14、d the a）an ees athing hi, he felt a bit nervus 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As an ees ere athing hi）必背：含有being的独立主格结构。It being Natinal Da tda，the streets are ver rded 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。= As it is Natinal Da tda, the streets are ver rdedThere being n further business t disuss, e all ent he 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了

15、。= As there as n further business t disuss, e all ent he3 表示条的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Tie peritting, e ill have a pini next ee时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条状语从句If tie perits) health alling, I ill r far int the night我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条状语从句If health alls）4 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The students are aling in the sh

16、l happil, eah earing a ard in frnt f his hest学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and eah ears a ard in frnt f his hest）The b la n the grass, his ees ling at the s 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his ees ere ling at the s）-ed形式“独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。The b ritte

17、n in siple English, English beginners ere able t read it该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。= As the b as ritten in siple English，English beginners ere able t read itThe rers red still harder, their living nditins greatl iprved由于工人们的生活条大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。= As their living nditins ere greatl iprved, the rers red still

18、harderHe as listening attentivel in lass, his ees fixed n the blabard 他上专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。= He as listening attentivel in lass, and his ees ere fixed n the blabardThe tas pleted, he had t nths leave任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=hen the tas had been pleted, he had t nths leave）比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词

19、-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。The anager ls rried，an things t settle 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人处理，用不定式t settle）The anager ls relaxed, an things settled 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）The fd being ed, the b as athing TV 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）The fd ed, the b ent t bed 饭做好了，小孩去

20、睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的八、 ith、ithut 引导的独立主格结构介词ith/ithut +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A ith+名词代词+形容词He desnt lie t sleep ith the inds pen 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。= He desnt lie t sleep hen the inds are penHe std in the rain, ith his lthes et 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。= He std in the rain, and his lthes ere

21、 et注意：在“ith+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。ith his sn s disappinting，the ld an felt unhapp由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。ith his father ell-nn, the b didnt ant t stud父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。B ith+名词代词+副词ur shl ls even re beautiful ith all the lights n 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。= ur shl ls even re beautiful if hen a

22、ll the lights are nThe b as aling, ith his father ahead 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。= The b as aling and his father as ahead ith+名词代词+介词短语He std at the dr, ith a puter in his hand 或He std at the dr, puter in hand他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。= He std at the dr, and a puter as in his handVinent sat at the des, ith a pen in his uth

23、 或Vinent sat at the des, pen in uth森特坐在桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。= Vinent sat at the des, and he had a pen in his uthD ith+名词代词+动词的-ed形式ith his her dne, Peter ent ut t pla 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。= hen his her as dne, Peter ent ut t plaith the signal given, the train started信号发出了，火车开始起动了。= After the signal as given, the trai

24、n started I uldnt dare g he ithut the b finished工作还没完成，我不敢回家。= I uldnt dare g he beause the b as nt finishedE ith+名词代词+动词的-ing形式The an felt ver happ ith s an hildren sitting arund hi有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。= The an felt ver happ hen he fund s an hildren sitting arund hiThe girl hid her bx ithut anne n

25、ing here it as小女孩把盒子藏了起，没有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her bx and n ne ne here it asithut anne ntiing, he slipped thrugh the ind 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。= hen n ne as ntiing, he slipped thrugh the indF ith+名词代词+动词不定式The little b ls sad, ith s uh her t d有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。= The little b ls sad beause he has s

26、 uh her t dThe id feels exited ith s an plaes f interest t visit 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。The id feels exited as there are s an plaes f interest t visit提示：在ith/ithut 的复合结构中，多数情况下ith 能省略，但ithut 不能省略。ithut a rd re spen, she left the eeting r她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（ithut不能省略）九、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条状语和伴随

27、状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。A作状语独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1表示时间Night ing n, e put urselves up in a sall htel 夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下。（= hen night ae n, e put urselves up in a sall htel）All the guests seated, the began their dinner 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。（= hen all the guests ere seated, the

28、began their dinner）ith everthing she needed bught, Grae t a taxi he 所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。（After everthing she needed as bught, Grae t a taxi he）2表示原因ith a lt f diffiult prbles t settle, the nel-eleted president is having a hard tie 有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。（= As he has a lt f diffiult prbles t settle, the

29、nel-eleted president is having a hard tie）There being n eans f transprtatin, he had t al he at idnight 由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。(= As there as n eans f transprtatin, he had t al he at idnight)3表示条eather peritting, e ill hld ur earl sprts eeting next ee如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。（= If eather perits，e ill

30、 hld ur earl sprts eeting next ee）All the r dne, u an have a rest 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。（=As lng as all the r is dne, u an have a rest）Everthing taen int nsideratin, the plan sees t be re pratial 如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。（= If everthing is taen int nsideratin, the plan sees t be re pratial）提示：表示时间、原因、条的独立主格结构一般放

31、在句首，并且不能保留连词。【误】hen lass being ver, the students left their lassr【正】lass (being) ver, the students left their lassr 下了，学生都离开了教室。【误】The n appearing and the ntinued their a【正】The n appearing, the ntinued their a 月亮出了，他们继续赶路。4表示伴随情况或补充说明The strange an as aling dn the street, ith a sti in his hand那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。（= The strange an as aling dn the street, and he arried a sti in his hand）The urderer as brught in, ith his hands tied behind his ba杀人犯被带了进，手被捆在背后。（=The urderer as brught in, and his hands ere t