1、新概念第一册主要语法知识新概念一主要语法知识点(一)时态主要涉及的时态有:一般现在时,现在进行时,一般过去时,现在完成时,一般将来时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时1. 一般现在时表示一般性,经常性的动作或一般性事实。含有be动词的句子例:He is a teacher. The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students.变疑问句将be动词移到句首例:Is he a teacher? Is the girl very beautiful? Are Tim and Jack students?变否定句在be动词后面加not例:He i
2、s not a teacher. The girl is not very beautiful. Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答例:Yes, he is. No, he is not. Yes, she is. No, she is not. Yes, they are. No, they are not.不含有动词的句子,即含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词例:He likes books. She likes him. The dog likes bones.变疑问句在句首加does,动词变为原型例:Does he like books
3、? Does she like him? Does the dog like bones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesnt,动词变为原型例:He doesnt like books. She doesnt like him. The dog doesnt like bones.肯定回答及否定回答:例:Yes, he does. No, he doesnt. Yes, she does. No, she doesnt Yes, it does. No, it doesnt.注意:第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S,不要和名词复数混淆,变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。其他人称及复数名
4、词例:I want to have a bath. We have some meat. The students like smart teachers.变疑问句在句首加do例:Do you want to have a bath? Do we have any meat? Do the students like smart teachers?变否定句在主语和动词之间加dont.例:You dont want to have a bath. We dont have any meat. The students dont like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答例:Yes
5、, I do. No, I dont. Yes, we do. No, we dont Yes, they do. No, they dont.2.现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。构成:主语be动词动词的现在分词其它成分例:We are having lunch. He is reading a book. The dog is running after a cat. The boys are swimming across the river.变疑问句将be动词移到句首例:Are we having lunch? Is he reading a book? Is the dog runn
6、ing after a cat? Are the boys swimming across the river?变否定句在be动词后面加not例:We are not having lunch. He is not reading a book. The dog is not running after a cat. The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑问句:what,which, how, where, who, etc.疑问词动词主语现在分词例:What are you doing? What is she doing? What is th
7、e dog doing?注:(必背!)没有进行时的动词:表示状态,思想,感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作表示感觉,感官的词see, hear, like, love, want, have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时3.一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,含有be动词的句子,将动词变为过去式,am, is的过去式为was,are的过去式为were例:I was at the butchers. You were a student a
8、 year ago. The teacher was very beautiful ten yearsago.变疑问句将be动词移动到句首例:Were you at the butchers? Were you a student a year ago? Was the teacher very beautiful ten yearsago?变否定句在be动词后面加not例:I was not at the butchers. You were not a student a year ago. The teacher was not very beautiful tenyears ago.肯
9、定回答否定回答例:Yes, I was. No, I was not. Yes, you were. No, you were not. Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.特殊疑问句:例:What did you do?不含有be动词的句子,将动词变为过去式例:I finished my homework yesterday. The boy went to a restaurant. The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.变疑问句在句首加did,动词变为原型例:Did you finish your ho
10、mework yesterday? Did the boy go to a restaurant? Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?变否定句在主语和动词之间加didnot例:I did not finish my homework yesterday. The boy did not go to a restaurant. The Sawyers did not live at King Street a yearago.肯定回答及否定回答例:Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Yes, he did. No, he
11、didnt. Yes, they did. No, they did not.4.现在完成时构成:主语+助动词have, has+过去分词用法:1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作,常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用例:I have just had lunch. (饱了,不用再吃了) He has had a cup of tea.(不渴了,不用再喝) They have already had their holiday.(不能再度假了) The boy has already read the book.(已经知道书的内容了,不用再看了)2)
12、询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时:例:Have you finished your homework? Have you been to Beijing? Have he seen the film?3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作例:I have lived in Beijing for twenty years. I have worked for this school for 1 year.4)表示一种经历,经验:去过地方,做过事情,经历过事情例:I have never had a bath. I have never seen a film. I have never be
13、en to cinema. I have ever been to Paris.注意:Have been to表示去过,have gone to表示去了试比较:I have been to London.(人已经回来) He has gone to London.(人还在那里)5)表示一种结果,一般不和时间副词联用例:I have lost my pen. I have hurt myself. He has become a teacher. She has broken my heart.变疑问句将助动词移到句首,例:Have you lost your pen?变否定句在助动词后面加no
14、t.例: I have notlost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答例:Yes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑问句:例:What have you done? What has he done?注意:一般过去时与现在完成时的区别:凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意:有些动词表示的动作有一个终点,不能再延续,因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错:Ive left Beijing for 3 days.对:I left Beijing 3 days ago. Ihave been away from being for 3 days.5.一般将来时表示将来将要
15、发生的动作,经常和tomorrow, next year, the dayafter tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hourstime, etc.表示将来的词联用结构:主语+助动词will+动词原形例:I will go to America tomorrow. The pilot will fly to Japan the monthafter the next. Jack will move into his new house tomorrowmorning.变疑问句将助动词移到句首例:Will you go to America
16、tomorrow? Will the pilot fly to Japan the month afterthe next? Will Jack move into his new house tomorrowmorning?变否定句在助动词后面加not例:I will not go to America tomorrow. The pilot will not fly to Japan the monthafter the next. Jack will not move into his new housetomorrow morning肯定回答及否定回答例:Yes, I will. No
17、, I will not. Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not. Yes, he will. No, he will not.特殊疑问句:例:What will you do?6.过去完成时:用法:在过去的时间里,两个动作中,发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构:had+过去分词例:After she had finished her homework, shewent shopping. They had sold the car before I asked theprice. The train had left before I arrived
18、 at thestation.注意:After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号,如果放在主句后则不用加。变疑问句将助动词移到句首例:Had she finished her homework?变否定句在助动词后面加not例:She hadnt finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答例:Yes, she had. No, she hadnt.特殊疑问句:例:What had she done?7.过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构:was/were+doing例:When my husb
19、and was going into the diningroom this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor. While we were having dinner, my father waswatching TV.8过去将来时结构:would do例:She said she would go here the nextmorning.(二)特殊句型:therebe句型,be going to结构1. Be going to结构表示打算,准备,计划做某事结构:主语+be动词+going to +动词原型例:I am going to
20、 make a bookcase. They are going to paint it. The father is going to give the bookcase tohis daughter.变疑问句将be动词移到句首例:Are you going to make a bookcase? Are they going to paint it? Is the father going to give the bookcase tohis daughter?变否定句在be动词后面加not例:I am not going to make a bookcase. They are goin
21、g to paint it. The father is not going to give thebookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答例:Yes, I am. No, I am not. Yes, they are. No, they are not. Yes, he is. No, he is not.特殊疑问句例:What are you going to do? What are they going to do? What is the father going to do?2. There be句型表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)There is单数
22、名词表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)例:There is a book in this room. There is a pen on the tableThere are复数名词表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)例:There are two pens on the table. There are three schools there.变疑问句将be动词移到句首例:Is there a book in this room? Are there two pens on the table?变否定句在动词后面加not例:There is not a book in this room. There
23、 are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答例:Yes, there is. No, there is not. Yes, there are. No, there are not.(三)问句主要类型有:一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句,选择疑问句,否定疑问句1.一般疑问句:助动词/be动词+主语,通常可以用Yes或者No来回答。例:Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?回答:Yes, I am./No, I am not.2.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What: 表示什
24、么例:What is your name?Where:表示在哪里,对地点进行提问例:Where is my book?Which:表示哪一个(在一定范围内特指一样东西或一个人)当作为疑问代词时,which通常单独使用例:Which is your favorite cup? Which are your favorite cups?当作为疑问形容词时,which后面通常加上一个名词,构成特殊疑问名词短语例:Which cup is your favorite? Which cups are your favorite?对国籍的提问你是哪国人?问:What nationality are you
25、?回答:Im Chinese.注意:回答用“国籍”你来自哪里?问:Where are you from?=Whre do you come from?回答:Im from China. =I come from China.注意:回答用“国家”对职业的提问What isyour job? =What are you?对近况的提问问:How are you today?回答:Im very well, thank you.3.选择疑问句关键词:or例“Do you want beef or lamb?4.反意疑问句肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分,否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分例:The dog is lo
26、vely, isnt it? You dont need that pen, do you?5.否定疑问句一般疑问句+否定词例:Arent you lucky? Dont you want to have a rest?(四)some和any、many和much的用法some, any共同点:1. 都可修饰可数名词或不可数名词 2. 都可以解释为“一些”区别:通常情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑问句(此时,两个词都解释为“一些”)例: I want some milk. I dont want any milk. Do you want any milk?特殊用法:1.当表示建
27、议、邀请,并期待得到对方的肯定回答时some也可以用在疑问句中,以下为三种句型:1)Would you like.?例: Would you like some coffee?2) Do you want.?(一般情况而言用any比较多,但是如果想要得到别人的肯定回答,可以用some来提问)例:Do you want some juice? (回答为Yes)3) What about.?例:What about some bread? 2. 当any表示“任何”的时候,也可以用在肯定句,且后面如果加可数名词,需要用单数例:Any one with a ticket can get into t
28、he park.many, much共同点:都可以解释为“很多”不同点:many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词例: I have many toy cars. She has much money.注:在口语中表示“很多”一般不用many, much,而多用a lot of, 而在否定句中表示“很多”用many, much.例:I have a lot of money. I dont have muchmoney. I dont have many apples.(五)名词分类:名词分为可数名词和不可数名词1. 不可数名词含义:不可以分成个体的东西:water,tea, bread, milk, rice抽象的东西:love, beauty, coldness特点: 不能用a, an修饰 不能加s 和单数be动词或动词搭配注:不可数名词表达复数概念时,用量词修饰。例:a bottle of milk two bottles of milk
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