专业英语翻译作业.docx

1、专业英语翻译作业C. Manufacturing Cells (Group Technology)(Family of Parts Concept)The use of manufacturing cells represents a particular kind of factory layout for manufacturing equipment. The essence of the concept is that, when manufacturing a particular part or family of similar parts in substantial quan

2、tities, the equipment for successive operations on the part should be grouped together. The operator - or team of operators who make that part (or the family of parts) - operate all the equipment in the cell. This arrangement is in contrast to a more traditional factory layout that groups like equip

3、ment together in departments. Then parts move from department to department for each operation. The advantage of the cell layout is that lines of communication and transportation are made very short. The factorys through-put rate is speeded; work-in-process inventory is greatly reduced; when problem

4、s arise at one operation, their effect on subsequent operations is immediately recognized. Route sheets to control movement of parts through the factory are greatly 制造单元（组合科技）（概念单元集合）制造单元的使用使生产器材在工厂中形成了一个很好的布局，这个概念的本质是，当以一定量生产一个详细的零件，对器件进行连续操作的设备应该被集成在一起。这些操作员或操作团队使这些零件或零件组流经每一个单元中的设备。这样的安排是和传统的工厂布局

5、是相反的，传统的工厂布局中，设备都是集中在一起的，然后，零件的每一部操作在部与部之间完成。单元布局的优点是通信线和传输线都非常短。工厂的物料通过量的速率非常快，半成品存货量被大大降低，当一个问题出现在一个操作中，它所产生的影响对随后的操作会被马上识别。按成片流动的方式来控制通过这个工厂的零件转移被大大削弱或降低至0.simplified or not needed. Operators learn what is needed at each operation to avoid problems at subsequent operations and have the satisfacti

6、on of seeing the results of their efforts. Quality tends to improve. The dis advantage is that there is apt to be lesser utilization of some equipment. There is also the necessity of having operators learn the operation of several kinds of equipment rather than specializing in one type. The concept

7、is illustrated in Fig. 14C for one particular family of machined parts. Fig. 14G8 shows a more advanced system where a robot does the handling between operations. When a circular layout is used, the robot can tend all machines in the cell.Fig. 14( The concept of a manufacturing cell illustrated with

8、 a cell arranged to make a family of spur gears of various pitches and diameters from forged blanks . This cell is shown with one operator for seven operations, based on the use of automatic equipment. A similar arrangement may be made using more operators and possibly duplicate machines for some wo

9、rkstations 操作者意识到每一个避免问题影响到接下来的操作的工序是必须的，并且他们很满意地看到这些他们努力换来的结果，质量还有待提高。单元布局的缺点是那儿总有一些器材很少被用到，同时也有必要让操作者学习多种器材的操作而不是特定的某一种器材，一个详细的机器零件的组合如图14C，图14G8给出一个由机器人处理中间操搬运作环节的超前系统，当一个循环布局被用上，机器人能够操作所有单元系统中的机器。图14制造一些不同倾斜角度和直径的齿轮锻坯的单元能够很好的阐明制造单元的概念，这个单元内一个操作者要完成七个操作，这些操作的完成都是建立在自动化器材被使用的基础上。投入使用更多的操作者和尽可能相同的机

10、器应该被执行，当然这些都取决于产品量的需求和在每个工作站的操作时间。depending on the production level needed, and the operation time at each workstation. The gear blanks are first faced on both sides, turned, drilled and reamed at station one. At station 2, a keyway is broached in the center hole. At station 3, the gear teeth are ho

11、bbed and at station 4, they are finish shaved. Stat ion 5 is a brush deburrer. At stat ion 6, the gear is laser- marked to identify its model or part number, and with other descriptive data. At station 7, various gages and inspection devices are used to ensure that quality is of the pre scribed leve

12、l. The small tables between machines act as decouplers/Kanbans, containing small amounts of work- in- process, to illustrate which machines may need operator attention to maintain production flow. Ideally, these tables are empty and all work-in-process is undergoing machine operations.D. Advanced In

13、spection DevicesDl. coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) utilize diffraction gratings to gauge the position of a measuring probe with high accuracy. Typical systems include, in addition to the measuring 齿轮钢坯有两面，翻转，钻孔的操作在第一站，在第二站，中心处被钻开一个凹槽，在第三站，齿轮齿被滚制好，在第四站，齿轮最后成形，5站是一个去毛刺得刷子，在第六站，对齿轮进行激光打标来识别它的形状或数

14、量和一些其他详细的数据，在第七站不同的计量器和检测装置被用来确保齿轮的参数达到预先规定的值。在机器之间的小工作台扮演去耦器的角色，包含了很多小的半成品，从而很好的显示了哪一台机器需要操作者投入更多地注意力来使产品的转移顺利进行，理想地，这些台上是空的或者所有的半成品都正在经历机器的加工。D.超前检测装置DI 坐标测量机-利用衍射的光栅来高精度的测定测量探针的位置。machine, a sensing probe, a control and computing system and measuring software. Various kinds of probes may be used.

15、 The probe is moveable with very low friction because of nearly friction-free linear bearings in the machine. The workpiece to be measured is placed on the granite table and is then stationary. The electronic touch probe is guided to move around the workpiece and make contact with it where measureme

16、nts are wanted. Probe movements can be in the x, y, or z direction. Movement of the probe can be manual, by CNC, or by a programmable controller. The readout console displays the position of the probe simultaneously in terms of the three coordinates. Different probe shapes can be used, depending on

17、the element that is being measured. For example, if dimensions involving the center axes of holes are to be measured, a tapered plug is used as the probe. The measurement accuracy results from use of the moire fringe pattern from two glass scales placed together on the machine at a slight angle from

18、 each other. The fringe pattern between the scales is detected by photocells and 除了一个测量机器以外典型系统包括一个传感器探针、一个计算机控制系统和相关的测量软件。坐标测量机器有多种不同的探针提供用户使用，由于机器内部有几乎零摩擦的线性轴承而使这些探针以非常小的摩擦移动起来，要测量的工件被固定放置在花岗岩工作台上，电子触摸探针在引导下围绕着工件移动，当测量指令发出时，探针就会和工件保持接触的状态，探针的移动能够以X，Y，Z方向移动，也可以手动移动，并且也可以由电脑数值控制或可编程控制器控制其移动，读数操纵台实时显

19、示着探针相对于三个坐标系的位置，不同的测量参数需要用到各种不同类型的探针，例如，如果包含洞的中心坐轴的尺寸需要测量，那么一个锥形插头似的探针可以被派上用场，在机器上有一定偏移角度的两个玻璃刻度的云纹边缘直接决定着测量精度，在两刻度之间的边缘图案由光电池检测，converted to electrical pulses. Measurement accuracies within 2 to 4 ten-thousandths of an inch in a span of 10 to 30 inches are common. The probe is often mounted on a br

20、idge like structure, but may be cantilever mounted or fastened to an articulated arm. The machine is usually installed in a room in which temperature and humidity are controlled. Coordinate, profile, and angular measurements can be made. Some machines are equipped with more than one probe or with a

21、machine vision device or laser scanner (see below), in addition to a contact probe. Such machines are referred to as multisensor systems. Fig. 14D1 illustrates a typical coordinate measuring machine.Fig. 14D1 Dimensional inspection of a machine component with a coordinate measuring machine. (Courtes

22、y Sheffield Measurement, Inc.)D2.machine vision - in industry, utilizes a pictorial image of the workpiece as part of a system of quality, machine or process control. Control is accomplished by capturing the image by electronic 并且被转换成为光电脉冲，在10-30英寸的测量范围内0.0002-0.0004的测量精度可以保证。探针通常被安装在一个像建筑物的桥上或是被紧紧加

23、固成一个悬臂从而成为一个有关联的臂膀。机器通常被安装在一个温度和湿度都可控的室内，其中坐标，剖面，角度测量都能实现，除了一个接触探针以外，一些机器被装配超过一个的探针或者配有机器能见装置或激光扫描（见下），这样的机器被称作为多传感器系统，图14D描绘了一个典型的坐标测量机器。图14D1 带坐标测量的机器的尺寸检查机器眼-工业上，利用一个工件形象化的图片作为质量系统、机器系统或者加工系统的一部分。通过由电的方法来捕获图片从而实现控制，methods and then using digital data of the image, as the data is processed by a co

24、mputer, to provide a display, to sort good and bad parts or to actuate control mechanisms. Machine vision systems are versa tile and have many non-manufacturing applications in the fields of medical diagnosis, surveillance, zip-code mail sorting, traffic control, and bar code reading.A machine visio

25、n system includes means for proper illumination of the workpiece or scene to be pictured, a camera or cameras, an analog to digital converter (though some systems process digital data directly from the camera), sufficient computer stages to process the data, computer software for the application, an

26、d actuating equipment that responds to the digital signal from the computer. Proper lighting is a critical factor and there are various lighting arrangements: backlighting, low angle lighting or diffuse lighting to emphasize the essential image elements. Fig. 1402 illustrates the elements of a typic

27、al industrial vision system. Image processing removes unwanted detail. What detail is wanted and what is not wanted is a result of segmentation, the 然后用电脑加工的图片数据资料来进行展示，并分出好的坏的部分从而驱动整个进程，机器眼系统是通用的，并且在医学诊断、监视、按邮政编码的邮件分类、交通控制和条形码识别有非制造的应用。一个机器眼系统包括工件适合的照明系统和拍照的显示屏，一个或多个相机，一个模数转换（通过一些系统处理直接来自相机的数字资料），充

28、足的计算机加工数据站，计算机应用软件和响应来自计算机数字信号的驱动装置。合适的照明是一个至关重要的因素，系统有不同的照明安排：逆光，低角度光或漫射照明来着重突出必要的图片参数，图1402给出了典型的工业视力系统的要素，图片加工去掉不需要的细节，什么细节是需要的？什么细节是不需要的最终被分开显示， choosing the elements that must be measured to achieve the desired results. Segmentation reduces the amount of data that must be computer processed, sp

29、eeding up the operation of the system. One common form of segmentation is to concentrate on the edges of the image, the changes in contrast that are characteristic of the edges of the workpiece or the edges of a shadow of a three-dimensional workpiece. (This localized analysis is one reason why prop

30、er illumination is critical.) Unexpected edges may be evidence of a surface flaw or other defect in the workpiece. Another segmentation approach is to scan with the camera only a narrow strip across the workpiece instead of its full area, if that is enough to make the desired measurement. Another is

31、 to analyze only a small critical portion of the whole image. Even with segmentation, because of the large amount of data in each picture image, high-capacity computer systems are required. The camera includes a lens system to focus the light and a CCD (charged coupled device) integrated circuit tha

32、t receives the camera image (instead of 选择要素的程序必须符合预期的效果。分离减少了大量的计算机加工数据，加速了系统的运行的速度，分离的一个共同形式是对齐图片的边缘，这些改变与工件的边缘或三维工件阴影的边缘为参照相反（这些局部化的分析可以解释为什么适度的照明是至关重要的）想不到的边缘可能是表面瑕疵或其他缺陷的证据，另外一个分割途径是用照相机的一个狭窄的长条穿过工件来扫描而不是扫描它的全部区域，如果那足够使测量成功的话。另外是分析图片仅仅的很小的关键部分，与分割一样，因为每张图片都有大量的数据，所以需要高容量的计算机系统，照相机包括一个镜片系统来聚光以及一

33、个CCD集成电路（电荷耦合装置）来接受相机图片（而不是一个用在摄影机中的逼真影片），photographic film that would be used in a film camera). Each pixel (picture element of the CCD sensor) in the camera senses the brightness of light focused on it. The brightness level at each significant pixel is converted to a binary digital number that is pr