中考英语客观型阅读理解讲课稿.docx

1、中考英语客观型阅读理解讲课稿考点归纳就具体命题而言，阅读理解题的考查内容应主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 理解主旨和要义2. 理解文章的具体细节3. 进行简单的判断和推理4. 根据上下文推测生词的意义5. 理解文章中具体信息（包括图文转换的信息）1. 细节理解题细节理解题是中考阅读理解中主要考查的类型，通常占50%以上的分值。其宗旨是考查学生对文章中的细节和具体事实的把握能力，内容涉及询问事实，原因，结果和目的等，属于浅层次的理解题，难度较低。同学们往往需要在有限的时间内运用略读，扫读，跳读等技巧快速阅读，发现文章中的细节信息，然后遵循由整体到细节的原则，把握作者的思路，按全文-段落-词语的步骤

2、来解题。主要考法有：1. 列举信息处常考文中first, second, to begin with, in addition, on one hand, on the other hand等出现的地方，常会要求学生从所列举的内容中选择符合题干要求的选项2. 举例和打比方处常考要注意那些引出例子或比喻的标志词，如：as, such as, for example, for instance等，因为这些词是作者为了使自己的观点更具有说服力而引用的具体事实的，这些事例就是常考的细节之处.3. 指示代词出现处常考常用来考查学生是否真正的了解上下文句子之间的逻辑关系4. 引用人物论断处常考作者为了正确

3、表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常会引用某些权威人士的论断或其重要发现。5. 特殊标点符号后的内容常考标点符号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步说明或解释，因此注意到这些标点也就注意到了细节，这些标点符号有：破折号，括号，冒号，引号等另外，细节理解题的选项也有特点：通常正确答案不是照搬原文，而干扰选项正好相反。有的来自原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。有的符合常识，但不符合原文内容。有的与原句内容很相似，只是在程度上有些变动，有的与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反，也有的是部分正确或部分错误的。2. 推理判断题推理判断题是根据材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知信息。推理不是凭空推测，是在已知信息的基础上对未知

4、的内容作出的推测。选项的特点是：1. 正确选项的特点正确答案一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概括性正确答案的表述一般不会太绝对，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如：often, usually, sometimes, some, any, can, possibly, probably等。正确答案有时与通过常识判断得出的结论相反，要特别注意。2. 干扰选项的特点只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当成间接推理看似从原文推断出来的结论，实际上与原文不符根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推论而得出的观点虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理

5、过头，概括过度3. 主旨大意题主旨大意题是阅读理解中的重点和难点，是中考的必考题型之一。它主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文章深层理解的程度及在速读中把握文章主旨大意的能力。主旨大意题往往针对段落或短文的subject主题, main idea中心思想, title题目, 或purpose目的来命题。这类题目要求学生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题句，要求能较好的运用概括，判断，归纳等逻辑思维方法。常见的提问方式有：大意类：1. What s the passage main about?2. The main idea of the passage is _3. The passage is

6、mainly about _标题类1. What is the best title for the passage?2. The best title for this passage might be_3. The best headline for this passage could be _目的类：1. The authors main purpose is to _2. The passage is meant to _3. The purpose of this article is to _4. 猜测词义题英语阅读理解题中，常出现一定数量的生词，并且每年中考总会有猜测词义的题目

7、，其特点是对生词，短语，指示代词和句子的意思进行猜测。目的是在考查学生根据上下文推测生词，短语含义的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力，猜测词意的提问方式：1. The underlined word “.”refer to/means _2. According to the passage, the phrase “.” suggests_3. By saying “.”, the author means _4. The expression “.” is closest to _方法指导 解题思路点拨1. 细节理解题解题方法1. 跳读查找法这种方法的要点在于先看题干，然后带问题读文章

8、。以what, who, where, when, why, how等提问的问题，可以从文章中直接找到答案。同学们做这类题目可以边读边做记号，能加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确性，节省宝贵时间。同时特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的转换。根据近几年的中考情况来看，很少有直接能用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，通常是要进行语义转换，包括同义变换，概念解析，归纳事实等例：A city without cars would be very strange, right? But Venice is such a city.Venice is in the northeast of Italy. It w

9、asnt built on land, like Beijing or Shanghai, but on more than 110 islands. Seawater is everywhere around the city.Even so, travel isnt difficult. The waterways have always been the best way to get around. There are 117 waterways and more than 400 bridges that can guide you where you want to go. Peo

10、ple in Venice move from place to place by boat. They like to enjoy the scenery(风光）and cool summer nights while taking boat trips. They can talk to other people as they go along.Venice grew out of small islands in saltwater lakes when some Italians escaped from a war over 1500 years ago, and built ho

11、me there.Venice _ small islands in saltwater lakes more than 1500 years ago.A. change into B. Used to be C. Became D. Developed from 2. 排除法 排除法常用于排序题型中，也属于事实细节题的一种题型，它通常出现在说明文中。这类文章有明显的信息词，如：first, to begin with, after that, afterwards, later, next, second, third, then, finally等词。在做细节排序题的时候，首先要确定首尾的

12、答案，通常的四个选项中会有两个选项的顺序类似，正确的答案往往在这两个选项中选择，找到两者的不同之处，回到原文，进行核对。Born in Ghana, West Africa, in 1989, Freddy Adu has become one of the most promising young soccer players in the world. Soccer fans have been crazy about him since 2003, when he became the youngest player to join a professional sports team

13、in the United States.As a child, Adu did what many children in Ghana love to do -play soccer. His mother recognized her sons talent and encouraged it by providing soccer balls, which were expensive for them.Education was very important to Adus mother, and she wasnt sure that her son could receive a

14、good education in Ghana. So she tried hard and moved to Maryland, US in 1997 when he was 8 years old. His new school friends soon noticed his talent for soccer, and the parents of one friend encouraged him to join a soccer club.Adu did finish high school at the age of 14. Nowadays, he is playing pro

15、fessional soccer and living with his mother in a house he bought for her. His salary with D.C. United team is $500000 a year, and Adu is also paid to advertise such as sports shoes and drinks.Which is the correct order of the following events?A. Adu became the youngest professional soccer player in

16、the USA.B. Adus family moved to the United States.C. Adus mother noticed his special ability to play soccer.D. Adu is paid to advertise sports and shoes.A. b-c-d-a B. a-c-b-d C. d-c-a-b D. c-b-a-d 3. 简单计算法 解答这类题目时，首先要弄清楚题干的要求是什么，然后再找到相关的数字，在对他们进行分析，整合，最后得到正确答案。If Li Ying and her parents take K471 ba

17、ck to Xiangtan, how much will they have to pay for the tickets?A. 570 yuan, B. 594 yuan, C. 540 yuan细节题阅读时要特别注意：阅读时利用这类关键词和词组that is to say, above all, especially, mainly等，把握文章的思路和脉络。另外，在问题的选项中表示绝对意义的词least, always, never, all, none, any和表示唯一性的词汇only, just，往往是命题的陷阱。必须以原文提供的事实，细节和逻辑关系为依据，切记把自己的观点和看法与

18、原文或作者的观点，看法混为一谈。文章中的文字，日期，时间都是设题的重点，此类提问很少是文章中表层出现的文字和日期，通常是要做简单的计算2. 推理判断题的提问方式和解题方法1. 推测隐含含义（1）常见的设问方式 the writer suggests that_ the story implies that _ we can infer from the passage that _ according to the story, what will probably happen next?（2）技巧点拨全面分析忠实原文不要选择表层信息We seem to believe that peopl

19、e with similar habits or hobbies will share similar attitude and we are more likely to be accepted by people like ourselves or even, we think we may be safer with people who look like us. Sometimes thats true but its a pity if we always stick to the same people ,the same group. The danger in always

20、staying in our comfort zone(舒适区） is that we just recycle the same opinions, the same tastes and the same ideas. We lose the chance to learn something new, find out about interesting things, hear funny stories and discover difference. People like staying in their comfort zone because they may _A. Rem

21、ain comfortable and specialB. Be accepted easily and feel safeC. Find out more interesting thingsD. Discover differences among themselves2. 推测作者的观点和态度（1）常见的设问方式 what is the authors attitude towards ? the authors aim is in the authors eyes, the author believes/suggests that（2）技巧点拨注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词，副词，动词

22、及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之意。1. Ive been working as a professional clown(小丑）for nearly two years. I changed jobs because I wanted to do more in life than make people laugh. What if I could help people, too?As a clown,I try to encourage sick people in hospital to laugh and smile. I dont earn much money as a clo

23、wn, but I feel very lucky to work with such brave, wonderful patients.2. I became a laughter yoga teacher more than two years ago.Now I still improve peoples health, but everything else is completely different. Everyone has fun in a laughter yoga class, including the teacher!.But did you know that i

24、ts an excellent kind of exercise? You move your whole body when you laugh! Sometimes I worked with famous people. Its true that being rich can be stressful! Some famous people can be unpleasant at times, but I try to change their bad feelings.It can be learned from the passage that both writers thin

25、k of their jobs as _.A. Happy moments to learn from other peopleB. Great chances to make themselves well-knownC. Rich experiences of acting on the stageD. Good ways of making people happy and healthy3. 推断写作目的（1）常见的设问方式 考查整篇文章的写作目的The writers purpose of writing the passage is to _. 考查某处细节或某段的写作意图The

26、writer uses the example of to show that _.（2）技巧点拨不同的文章有不同的写作目的，但写作目的通常有以下三种： to entertain readers, to make people laugh, to tell an interesting experience（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类文章to persuade readers, to sell a product or a service, to attract more visitors/readers/audience（说服读者接受某种观点），常见于广告类文章 to inform

27、readers （告知读者某些信息），常见于科普类，新闻报道类，文化类或社会类文章Here is a case that shows the benefits of animals. John was a six-year-old mute. He had no physical problems. He just refused to talk. His old cousin, Ned, had a parrot called Sally, and John used to visit it. When he arrived, Ned used to say, “Hi, John!” We

28、all know parrots copy what they hear. After a few visits, Sally began saying “Hi, John!” when John came into the room. Then, one day, John turned to the parrot and replied “hi sally”. Staying with the parrot encouraged John to begin talking.The purpose of Paragraph 3 is to _.A. Show how animals can

29、help with illnessB. Discuss the problems of keeping petsC. Describes how to train animal helpersD. Introduce some new medical research4. 推断文章出处（1）常见的设问方式 the passage is most likely to be taken from _. where would this passage most probably appear? the passage is most likely a part of _.（2）技巧点拨 有surv

30、ey等字眼的文章，一般体裁都是新闻报道（news report）, 多数出现在newspaper中 广告也多出现在newspaper或magazine中 科普类文章多出现在science book或science magazine中 一些说明书或有关tips的文章大量出现在guide book中 文章中带有“www com， click here, update”等词，暗示这是个网站 其他经常出现的文章出处还包括TV/Radio program, a story book, a menu等等。例1， 2014年天津卷（主题句在开头）How green are you? Do you know

31、how to be green?.Here are some ideas for you.ReduceReduce means use less.ReuseReuse means use again.RecycleRecycle means change things into something else.So please remember these three words: reduce, reuse and recycle.The passage may come from _.A. Menu B. A dictionary C. A storybook D. A magazine3. 主旨大意题解题方法每篇文章都有它的写作结构，如果我们能够找到主题句，就能轻而易举的把握文章的中心大意了。1. 寻找主题句，一般来说，文章的主题句有以下几种位置， at the beginning, at the end, at the beginning