1、2. Characteristics of Etiquette1)礼仪的民族性(nationalist, local character)不同国家、不同民族的礼仪文化有着巨大的差异,中西方礼仪差异在历史上就发生过许多冲突。乾隆接见英国使者“马嘎儿尼”祝寿,因行何种“见面礼”而发生巨大的冲突。按中国君臣传统见面礼三跪九叩,但英国传统鞠躬三次。后来商定行五个鞠躬礼。嘉庆接见英国使者“阿美士德”,商定通商事宜,嘉庆要求三跪九叩,阿要求按照“前例 ”,最终嘉庆拒绝接见。2)礼仪的时代性(character of the age)礼仪是规定社会行为的某种准则,他并非一成不变,而随着文明的发展环境的变化而
2、不断变化、完善、进化的。在中国对妇女的尊重,糟糠贱内妻子夫人3)礼仪的等级性(character of the social status)对地位高的人和地位低的人不同礼仪4)礼仪的传承性(character of spreading and inheriting)礼仪文化具有传性,有时它是以一贯之的,中华传统的礼仪文化就是在几千年的封建社会里始终相传。“忠、孝、仁、义、温和、谦恭、忍让、中庸之类的中华礼仪至今流传。西方以基督教为核心的礼仪文化,也是经历了两千年的发展,才最终形成了具有欧美国家传统特色的礼仪规范。“女士优先、温文尔雅等西式礼仪规范是至今一直为西人所奉行的基本礼节。5)礼仪的相互
3、影响性(character of influence to each other)礼仪规范是相互影响的,当今世界一个最突出的现象是,西方文化包括西方社会的某些礼仪文化逐渐影响、渗透到世界各地,一些发展中国家的年轻人纷纷仿效西方人的言行。服装礼仪等。有些西方礼仪是值得肯定的,它代表了文明发展的方向,可以吸收、遵守,不能漠视和抵制优秀的文化,但不能盲目吸收一切,盲目地效仿和照搬。当然,中国礼仪也在影响其它国家。3Classification of etiquette1) 从执行者、遵循者角度可分为:个人礼仪、家庭礼仪、社会礼仪、军队礼仪和公务员礼仪。2)从应用和实用的角度可分为:社交礼仪、商业礼仪
4、、宗教礼仪、体育礼仪、外事礼仪、丧葬礼仪和婚礼礼仪。3)从禁忌和习俗的角度可分为:数字礼仪、颜色礼仪、手势礼仪、节日礼仪和风情礼仪。4. The contents of western etiquette西方礼仪文化内容渊源于古希腊和罗马的文化1) Developing :西方礼仪没有一种固定的模式或制度,它们起源于欧洲后来又流入到美洲和澳洲,最后由这些地区再流传到世界其他地区甚至“回流”到欧洲,所以,西方礼仪虽然在欧洲早已存在,但以后越来越丰富。2) The category of western countries:包括近代西欧国家,现代的欧美国家,澳洲和日本。3)The relative
5、 words Etiquette:礼仪、礼节和各种规范Courtesy:谦恭有礼的言行、礼貌、风度Protocol;外交、军事等特定领域里的相处准则Rite:有仪式、典礼之意Manner: 生活的方式、方法5. The main contents to learn in this term6. Meaning and ways of study the western etiquette1) Learning the western culture in order to study English well2) Learning the western culture for the eff
6、icient intercultural communication 3) The of study is by comparing with Chinese etiquetteChapter 2 Etiquette about Human Life ( birth, adult, marriage, death)Colloquialism: “十里不通风,百里不同俗”。一个人从出生、成年、结婚到死亡经历人生百态,这些经历是有地区特征的(礼仪的地区性特征)。1. Born etiquetteA. Avoidance for pregnancy古代西方社会,认为妇女的怀孕是神的赐予,中世纪以来,
7、基督教徒们认为是上帝的恩赐。耶酥本来是其母亲玛利亚婚生,但基督教神学家们认为“童贞女未婚而孕”,由“圣灵感孕”而生耶酥。所以,许多民族(西方)都有孕避礼仪。England- time is for a monthGermany- time is for six weeksGipsydom- to avoid all of peopleChina-回避吃兔肉、公鸡、螃蟹,和参加红白喜事B. Etiquette after born- announcing good news, registering, giving name在西方民间,传统的初生礼仪是普遍存在的Japan- after 7 da
8、ys of birth ,will put a rite to give a name to the baby(“御七夜”, 由父母起定,要举行宴会正式宣布)China- To eat red eggs;出生后 (p13, 高福进)America and European countries- registering- baptism(Giving the name) 洗礼(洗去罪孽)- 来源:圣经,传说“施洗者约翰”在约旦河(临近耶路撒冷)一带宣讲悔改的洗礼,罪得以赦免(p12, 高福进)。 过程:(p12,gao) - Godfather and Godmother(p12, 高福进)C.
9、 Etiquette of being one month old and one hundred days oldJapan-男、女婴出生后31或32天,有祖母或母亲抱到神社、寺庙去参拜地方神,p14,gaoChina-做满月,过百日D. Spending birthday, celebrating one year old, accepting the far relativesEuropean countries-十分重视,“生日快乐歌”p15,gao China- 抓周,p15E. Maternity leave of western persons2. Etiquette about
10、 being adultThe song about independence ( 自立歌) by 陶行知: “ 滴自己的汗,吃自己的饭,自己的事情自己干,靠人靠天靠祖上,不算是好汉。西方礼仪文化所体现的本质就是强调自己的能力和个人的价值,成丁礼仪就说明了西方礼仪文化的这一特点。世界上许多国家都要举行成人仪式 Etiquette about being adult in Germany-14岁是人生历程中的一个重要阶段,它标志着从少年到青年的一个转折。每年4、5月份,年满14岁的少男少女们都参加“成人仪式”。P173. Etiquette about wedding在古代,无论是西方还是中国,
11、“父母之命”、“媒妁之言”基本上主宰了婚姻家庭,从一而终的观念在婚姻、家庭伦理思想中战据着主导性的地位。在中国古代,从开始谈婚论嫁到进入洞房要经历6个阶段,即“六礼”纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、吉期、迎娶。在西方,古代正规的婚礼仪式也十分繁琐。A. The origin of the western wedding etiquette (西方婚礼仪式渊源)根据美国民俗学家斯蒂芬.奥特费诺斯基的研究,当今西方人的婚礼仪式诸多风俗源于遥远的古代,特别是古希腊和古罗马时代.a) Wearing the same clothes: 在当今许多地区,西方婚礼仪式的出席者有时穿着同样的服装。 (p,27)b)
12、 Wearing veilc) Rice and weddingd) Tying the old shoese) the related stories(p28)B. Proposing marriage and engaging (求婚与订婚)在欧洲,有许多传统的婚恋习俗,这在农村地区较为流行。在传统婚恋仪式中,求婚礼仪最为丰富多彩。a) taking out a ring from the barrelb) trying weddingc) color and wooingd) wooing by umbrellae) hair style and wooingf) the wooing
13、treesg) Fans and wooingh) engagingC. Wedding(婚礼)婚礼仪式五花八门,特别是有关传统的婚礼(在美国p31;宗教性的婚礼与基督教有着渊源关系)a) wedding cake b) wedding honeymoonc) cutting the brides dress(d) The different wedding tradition(p33,gao)America-bridal shower(新娘送礼会) ,the date is before wedding two weeks or two months Reserve the wedding
14、date: in the church before six months of wedding The reception place: club, garden or other placesThe peak period of wedding: May, June, July, August, SeptemberThe spender of wedding: from the brides family, so the church should be chosen near the brides family.The law effect: register in the local
15、government and it is effective in 60 days. In the wedding in the church after the host( priest or Minister) and witness ( maid of honor 荣誉伴娘 and best man 最好伴郎) sign in the register , it will be effective in the law.The age and spend: eighteen years old and spend is no more than one hundred or more t
16、han one hundred million dollars.England-(p33,gao)France-(p33)Japan- (p33)D. Ring (戒指)婚姻戒指在西方有其丰富的象征意义。戒指是沉默的爱情语言,是婚姻的永恒讯后号。圆圆的戒指一般表示永恒之意,也表示团圆、完整,永不分离。a) the wedding ring origin and symbolb) the wedding memorial day( table, p39)c) marriage, divorce, remarriaging在西方国家,最近几十年来离婚已是司空见惯,但是在一百多年前,这种现象并不多见
17、。在近代工业化社会来临之前,欧洲人几乎视离婚为一种罪恶,长期的基督教信仰使欧洲各民族将离婚视为违背常理的行为。现在西方国家的人们重新开始看待生活伦理,他们认为离婚问题需要慎重对待。Germany-Japan-4. Funeral rites (the last process of human life)西方的丧葬礼仪可分为宗教性葬礼和非宗教性的葬礼。宗教性葬礼在教堂举行,非宗教性的葬礼在礼堂或墓地直接举办。在西方各国,宗教性的葬礼是主要的,它仍然带有传统的宗教色彩,即受到基督教文化的影响。A. The basic process of western funeral rites(p43)a)
18、 开死亡证明,注销户口、名字b) 为死者沐浴,穿衣,开追悼会,埋葬c) 穿黑色丧服,少戴首饰d) 教堂中的丧葬礼仪(p44, gao)e) 丧葬礼仪中的习俗(p44,45, gao)B. Some funeral rites in some western countriesa) in America(p45)b) in France(p46)c) in England(p47)d) in Japan(p47)Chapter 3 Etiquette about Daily Communication(communication: verbal communication and nonverb
19、al communication)人类文明诞生后的交际主要包括三种形式:言语交际、动作交际和文字交际。交谈是最为普遍和重要的交际形式;动作交际体现了体触文化;文字交际包括:书信交流和网上交流。1. The basic principle about daily communicationa) punctuality and keeping promiseb) moderate behaviorc) respecting the old ,loving children and respecting womend) respecting other countries custom2. Meet
20、ing etiquette-body culture在人类所有的日常交际行为中,体触是最直观、最容易为人们感觉到的动作,各个地区不同的丰富多彩的体触动作充分体现这些民族和地区的文化差异。A. The first meeting etiquette a) etiquette about introductionb) holding hands (origin, principle, details and avoidance)B. The popular meeting etiquette- kissing etiquettea) The originb) Etiquette rulesc) K
21、issing etiquette in the different countriesC. Body languagea) The comparison of body language in different countriesb) The differences between China and Western countries3. conversation etiquette在日常交际中,一个人的言谈足以体现其知识水平、文化程度、思想修养,进而体现其一定的社会地位,甚至可以反映其所在国家的文明程度及其民族精神。在西方国家,交谈礼仪及其体现的文化内涵也越来越被人们所了解。a) way
22、s of addressing(in America, China, Germany)b) the distance for conversation(in the North Europe, in the Middle Europe, in the South Europe, in America, in China)c) the polite language and way of addressing in the foreign affairsd) principles and taboos in conversatione) etiquette about ringingf) eti
23、quette of conversation and taboos in the different European countriesg) conversation and eyes in expressionh) taboos of traveling in Americai) etiquette about asking for a job4. etiquette about paying visitFor the hosta) punctuality and keeping promise b) making preparationc) receipting flowers by t
24、he hostessd) farewellsFor the guesta) choosing the fit time(the weekend, afternoon , after dinner, or in the holiday )b) having an appointment early, punctuality, and keeping promisec) taking flowers, candy, books as the giftsd) shouldnt leave after dinner immediately, saying bye to other guests5. e
25、tiquette about giving giftsa) giving gifts in Americab) giving gifts in the Western countriesc) flowers as the gifts6. sign language(nonsound language in the daily communication)a) some sign language used in the world (O type, V type and OX horn type) b) the same sign languages stand for the differe
26、nt meaningChapter 4 Etiquette about Public Place 1. The basic principle in the public placesA. The lady first in the public placesa) Its history and originb) Situation about lady first in the different countries nowB. Keeping the environment quiet2. The public traffic etiquette on the roada) the eti
27、quette about asking the way b) walking on the pavement3. The etiquette in the western theatrea) introduction b) dressing for going to the theatrec) about entrance to the theatred) in the period of performancee) the etiquette in the rest timef) the etiquette after performanceg) the etiquette for the
28、special performanceh) etiquette about social dancingChapter 5 Etiquette about Diet and Culture 1 Chinese and the Western-style fooda) Two storiesb) The different processes to take out the dishes in China and the western countriesc) 一般程序:面包黄油 冷菜或沙拉 汤 海鲜 主菜 甜点心水果 咖啡酒菜搭配:鱼、海贝 喝无味的白葡萄酒 味浓的牛羊肉和野味 喝高度红葡萄酒
29、(勃艮第酒)一般的牛羊肉喝低度的红葡萄酒吃禽类肉食 喝低度的红葡萄酒或玫瑰红酒吃布丁前喝白葡萄酒或香槟酒( 香槟酒是唯一可在宴会上自上始至终饮用的酒)2 The tableware of the western-style fooda) Knives ( the origin is in the 17th, France; and the top of knives from the sharp to the ellipse)b) Forks ( two kinds: for meat and for salads; the way to eat foods was in hands for two thunders years , the citizens in five fingers and nobles in three; the forks are used by the mostly by Fre
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