定语从句讲义及练习题附答案Word文件下载.docx

1、功能和形式方面的区别限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：1.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。3.They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点，隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作

2、用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句或句中某个成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如：The old man has a son , who is in the army . 那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：这位老人只有一个儿子 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：The old man has a son who is in the

3、 army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作）1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1

4、，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。 3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。（一） 限定性定语从句 1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不

5、及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形

6、容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.

7、 I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样. 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody

8、, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。（二）非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my

9、former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped wha

10、t I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 4. 有时as也可用作关系代词 5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.；（三）关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人，在从句中做主语 （1） The boys who are playing football are from Class One. （2）

11、Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 （1） Mr. Liu is the person （whom） you talked about on the bus. （2） Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如:

12、 He is the man who has an English book. （3） The man who/whom you met just now is my friend 3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 （1） Football is a game which is liked by most boys. （2） This is the pen （which） he bought yesterday. 4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 （5） The number

13、of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. （6） Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 （1） He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （2） I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 （3） The classroom whose door

14、 is broken will soon be repaired. （4） The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. （5） Do you like the book whose color is yellow? （6） Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?（四）注意 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词+关系代词引导 （1） The school （that/which） he once studied

15、in is very famous. （2） The school in which he once studied is very famous. （3） Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine （that/which） you asked for. （4） Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. （5） Well go to hear the famous singer （whom/that/who） we have often talked about. （6） Well g

16、o to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 （1） This is the watch which/that I am looking for. （T正确） （2） This is the watch for which I am looking. （F错误） 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

17、 （1） The man with whom you talked is my friend. （T） （2） The man with that you talked is my friend. （F） （3） The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. （T） （4） The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. （F） 3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each,

18、 few等代词或者数词 （1） He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. （2） In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. （3） There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.（五）关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 （1） I still remember th

19、e day when I first came to the school. （2） The time when we got together finally came. 2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 （1） Shanghai is the city where I was born. （2） The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 （1） Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. （2）

20、I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 （1） The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, （2） From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. （3） Great changes have taken place in the city

21、in which./where I was born.（六）判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain vil

22、lage where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主

23、、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案： 例1 D，例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum

24、_ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 （who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状

25、语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。初中英语定语从句练习题1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that t

26、hey stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. t

27、o which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book

28、 _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that12.The engineer _my f

29、ather works is about 50 years old.A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. who B. whos C. which D. whose14.Im interested in _you have said.A. all that B. all what C. that D. which15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. which B. who C. what D. as16.He isnt such a man _he used to be.A. who B. whom C. that D. as17.He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom D. what18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much.A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him19