考博英语改错冲刺讲义.docx

1、考博英语改错冲刺讲义名词1 不规则名词复数形式alumnaalumnae女校友 alumnusalumni校友 antennaantennae天线axisaxes轴心 analysisanalyses分析 appendixappendices附录 basisbases基础 bacteriumbacteria细菌 crisiscrises危机 criterioncriteria标准 curriculumcurricula课程 datumdata数据，资料 diagnosisdiagnoses诊断 ellipsisellipses日食 emphasisemphases强调 formulaformu

2、lae公式 hypothesishypotheses假说 indexindices索引indexindexes指数 mediummedia媒介 nucleusnuclei核心，原子核oasisoases绿洲 parenthesisparentheses括弧 phenomenonphenomena现象radiusradii, radiuses半经 stimulusstimuli刺激 stratumstrata阶层 syllabussyllabi提纲 symposiumsymposia研讨会 synopsissynopses内容提要thesistheses理论 2 复合名词的复数形式man或wom

3、an修饰名词构成复合名词变成复数形式，须把把组成该复合词的两个词都变成复数形式。如：man cookmen cooks，man servantmen servants，woman nursewomen nurses，woman singerwomen singers，woman writerwomen writers3 英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式advice忠告advices通知letter信letters文学，证书air空气airs架子look脸色，看looks面容，美貌ash灰ashes骨灰；废墟manner态度，方式manners礼貌arm手臂arms武器art艺术ar

4、ts文科，人文文科attention注意attentions殷勤minute分钟minutes会议记录nerve神经，勇气nerves胆怯pain痛苦pains辛苦，努力attainment得到attainments学识paper纸papers文件authority权力authorities当局pleasure快乐pleasures乐趣，乐事brain脑brains脑力，智能premise前提（逻辑）premises房屋，院内，前提chance机会，偶然chances情况，期望profit益处profits利润，收益circumstance情况circumstances环境，处境propert

5、y财产properties特性cloth织物clothes衣服province省provinces地方（与首都相对）compliment称赞compliments问候，致意condition状况conditions条件，环境congratulation祝贺congratulations祝贺词content含量contents目录convenience方便conveniences便利设备provision预备provisions粮食，规定quarter一刻钟，四分之一quarters住处，营房rank阶层ranks兵卒return回去returns利润，盈利ruin毁灭ruins废墟cotton

6、棉花cottons棉制品custom习惯customs海关；关税royalty王权royalties王族sand沙sands沙滩，沙漠damage损害damages赔偿金spectacle景象spectacles眼镜experience经验experiences经历spirit精神spirits情绪，酒精finding发现findings研究成果force武力forces军队term期间terms条件，关系time时间times时代fund资金funds现款transaction交易，处理transactions学报，会报fur毛皮furs皮衣teaching教学teachings教导，学说f

7、uture未来futures期货water水waters水域，河道good利益goods货物wit机智wits理智green绿色greens青菜wonder惊奇wonders奇观ground地面grounds庭院，理由wood木头woods树林humanity人性humanities人的属性work工作works工厂，工程，工事iron铁irons镣铐writing文件writings著作4 单复数同形的名词可以分为以下几类1 某些动物名词，如：deer, sheep, fish, swine（猪）等。2 以-ese或-ss结尾的名词，如：Chinese, Japanese, Portugue

8、se, Swiss, Vietnamese等。3 某些以-s结尾的名词，如：barracks（营房）, corps（部队）, crossroads（十字路口）, gallows（绞刑架）, headquarters（司令部）, kennels（养狗场）, links（高尔夫球场）, means（手段，方法）, mews（马厩）, series（一系列）, species（种类）, shambles（废墟）, whereabouts（行踪）, works（工厂）等。5 只有复数形式的名词可以分为以下几类1 某些衣着类名词，如：clothes, jeans, pants, pajamas, sho

9、rts, slacks（便裤）, tights（裤袜）, trousers等。这类名词在计数时不能直接用数词，而须用a pair of等形式，如：a pair of pants, two suits of clothes。当他们作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于pair等的数。2 某些工具类名词，如：binoculars（双筒镜）, compasses（圆规）, glasses (spectacles), pincers（钳子）, pliers（钳子）, scales, scissors, shears（大剪刀）, sunglasses, tongs（钳子）, tweezers（镊子）等。同衣着类名

10、词一样，这类名词在计数时也不能直接用数词，而须用a pair of, two pairs of等形式。当他们作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于pair等的数。3 以-ings结尾的名词，如：belongings, earnings, lodgings（寄宿处）, savings, surroundings, sweepings（被扫到一起的东西）, tidings（消息）, winnings（赢得的钱）等。7. 容易误用为复数的不可数名词 advice建议，忠告living生活，生计equipment装备，设备progress前进，发展furniture家具，设备scenery风景，景色inform

11、ation通知，信息machinery机器，机械knowledge知识，学问traffic交通流量baggage/luggage行李trouble烦恼，麻烦cash现金thunder雷声，轰隆声apparatus仪器weather天气，处境clothing衣服work工作，劳动paper纸，钞票luck运气，幸运technology工艺，技术jewelry珠宝8. 名词在含有基数词的复合词中数的形式在“基数词+名词”或“基数词+名词+形容词”形式的复合词中，名词一律用单数。如：a two-week vacation（两周的假期），a ten-year-old boy（10岁的男孩），a two

12、-story house（一栋二层楼的房子） 基数词的单数与复数的区别ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion等词在表示确切数目时用单数形式，直接位于所修饰的名词之前。如：three thousand students，ten million dollars；在表示约略数目时用复数形式，在所修饰的名词之前须有介词of。如：billions of times，tens of thousands of elements，thousands upon thousands of people。 时态1 一般现在时2 现在进行时与always, constantl

13、y连用表示赞叹、埋怨、厌烦等情感，可译成“总是，老是”等。例如：My daughter is always watching TV after school.3 一般将来时1） 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时。例如： If it rains tomorrow, the match will be canceled.2） 下列动词的进行时表示将来时go, come, leave, arrive, drive, fly, see (= interview), visit, hear (= receive), feel (= touch), start, meet, st

14、ay, land, take等。例如： We are leaving for America tomorrow. 我们明天前往美国。3） 一般现在时表示预定的行为，如交通、电影院等时间、节目的安排等。例如： The visitors arrive at 8:30 a.m. 4） to be to do 表示计划、安排好的事。例如： We are to meet at the gate. 5） to be going to do6） to be about to do4 现在完成时1） 表示一个已经发生但对现在的情况有影响的动作，常与already, just, yet等时间状语连用。例如：We

15、 have already reserved a room at Beijing hotel for the 15th of October. 2） 表示从过去某时到现在这段时间中发生的事情，常与下列时间状语连用：up till now, so far, recently, this days, these term, in the past years等。例如： We have learned 2, 000 English words this term.3) 表示一个由过去某时继续到现在的动作或状态，常与表示一段的时间状语连用：for, since等。例如： I have lived he

16、re for ten years.4) 用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时业已完成的动作。例如：Well start at 5 oclock if it has stopped raining by then. 5 过去完成时表示一个动作在过去某一动作之前业已发生，或在过去某时间业已完成。1) by +过去时间：例如：By the end of last term, we had learned 2000 English words.2) 根据上下文判断：往往带有一个表示过去时间的状语从句。例如： When we got to the station, the train had a

17、lready left.6 将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作。by +未来时间：例如：We will have learned 2000 English words by the end of next term. 虚拟语气1 时态推移 if虚拟条件句从句主句与现在事实相反：过去时（be动词用were）wouldshould could + 动词原形mightwould like tobe to与过去事实相反：过去完成时 (had done)wouldshould could + 现在完成时（have done）mightwould like tobe to与将来事实相反：should

18、 + 动词原形 或：were to +动词原形wouldshould could + 动词原形mightwould like tobe to注意：if可以省略，省略后要用倒装结构。 混合时间条件句：从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。 I wish (that) S V If only S V I would rather (that) S V （与现在和将来事实相反的，从句的谓语动词用过去时；与过去事实相反的，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。） I had hoped that S V Its (high/about) time that S V as if/as though S V wi

19、thout, but for, otherwise, or If it were not for If it had not been for 2 当主句中出现下列单词表示要求、建议、命令、愿望、介绍、推荐以及表示重要性的动词、名词、形容词时，其后从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，虚拟的形式为：动词原形或者should+动词原形：v.ask, advise, beg, command, decide, decree, demand, direct, deserve, desire, insist（坚决要求）, maintain, move, order, prefer, propose, reco

20、mmend, require, request, resolve, stipulate, suggest（建议）, urge, vote等。注意：当insist作“坚持认为”解、suggest作“表明；暗示”解时，其宾语从句中的谓语动词为陈述语气。n.advice, aim, decision, decree, demand, desire, idea, importance, insistence, instruction, motion, necessity, order, plan, preference, proposal, recommendation, regulation, re

21、quirement, request, resolution, suggestion, urge, wish等。adj.advisable, anxious, appropriate, best, better, compulsory, crucial, demanded, desirable, desired, determined, eager, essential, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, only right, ordered, preferable, possible, proper, pit

22、y, recommended, requested, required, strange, suggested, urgent, vital等。3 情态动词 + have doneshould have done/ought to have doneshouldnt have done/ought not to have donemust have donecant have donecould have donecouldnt have done may/might have donemay/might not have donewould have doneneednt have done

23、 主谓一致1 由and连接的两个名词作主语，指同一人或物或通常由连个部件构成的物品时，用单数谓语动词，指不同的人或物或分开的东西用复数谓语动词。*The lorry and driver were safe in the accident. The secretary and manager was present at the meeting. The secretary and the manager were present at the meeting.The iron and steel industry is of great importance to the national

24、economy.The food and the textile industry depend mainly on agriculture for raw material.Health and strength is above all gold.bread and butter黄油面包（一种食品）ham and eggs火腿炒蛋（一道菜）meat and potatoes土豆烧肉（一道菜）a needle and thread针线（连为一体）law and order法制（一个概念）the black and white cow一头花牛2 由and连接的两个单数名词作主语，名词前若有ea

25、ch, every, many a, no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。In our country every boy and (every) girl has the right to receive education. 在我国，男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。No sound and (no) voice is heard. Many a boy and (many a) girl has watched the sunrise here. 3 就近一致：当两个主语由or, eitheror, neithernor, notbut, not only but also, whetheror连

26、接时，谓语动词和临邻近的主语保持一致。Neither I nor he is to blame.One or two friends are coming this evening.4 就远一致：主语为单数，后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, including, in addition to, no less than, like, but, except, accompanied by, rather than, more than等引起的短语，谓语动词用单数。The father rather than

27、 the brothers is responsible.John, more than anyone else in the class, is eager to attend the speech contest.5 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词与数词连用常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Fifty years is not a long time.A happy five days has passed like a dream.6 分数、百分数 + of 作主语，谓语动词与of后的词的数保持一致。Only 30 per cent of the students are g

28、oing to the picnic.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 7 形容词前加the，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。The good are happy.The oppressed are to rise one day.8 当不定式、动名词短语、从句或其他短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Early to bed and early to rise is healthful. Whether she comes or not is of no matter. 9. “a series ( portion , species,

29、 piece, collection, list, family, body, quantity, swarm, type, pair)+ of+名词（单数或复数）”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Stone. A large portion of her poems was published after her death.10. 定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。 I, who am wrong, should apologize to him. Each o

30、ne of us who are now living is destined to witness remarkable scientific discoveries. *She is the only one of the students that has been praised by the president. 英语中连系动词的用法 连系动词主要用来连接主语和表语，并有一定的词汇意义。按照它们的词汇意义，可以分为以下几类。1. 表示主语特征、性质、身份、状态的连系动词：be, appear, seem, look, sound, smell, taste等。 The woman was looking pale and worried.2. 表示发生、变化，由一种状态改变为另一种状态的动词：become, come, drop, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn, wear, work等。He has run short of money. 3. 表示继续、保持某种状态或性质的连系动词：continue, hold, keep, lie, prove, remain, rest, st