纺织英语第三版课文中文翻译.docx

1、纺织英语第三版课文中文翻译Lesson Two Cotton Properties and UsesA relatively high level of moisture absorption and good wicking properties help make cotton one of the more comfortable fibers. Because of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, cotton has a high attraction for water. As water enters the fiber, cotton

2、 swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. The high affinity for moisture and the ability to swell when wet allow cotton to absorb about one-fourth of its weight in water. This means that in hot weather perspiration from the body will be absorbed in cotton fabrics, transported along the yar

3、ns to the outer surface of the cloth and evaporated into the air. Thus, the body will be aided in maintaining its temperature.相对较好的吸湿性和良好的芯吸性使棉纤维成为最舒适的纤维之一。因为纤维素的羟基基团，使得棉花对水有很强的吸引力。当水进入纤维棉，棉开始膨胀，其截面变得更圆。这种高度的亲水性和潮湿时溶胀的性能使棉花可吸水达到其重量的1/4左右。这意味着，在炎热的天气里，身体的汗液会被棉织物吸收，沿着纱线输送到衣物外表面并蒸发到空气中。因此，这对维持体温有帮助。Unf

4、ortunately, the hydrophilic nature of cotton makes it susceptible to water-borne stains. Water-soluble colorants such as those in coffee or grape juice will penetrate the fiber along with the water; when the water evaporates, the colorant is trapped in the fiber. Perhaps the major disadvantage to co

5、tton goods is their tendency to wrinkle and the difficulty of removing wrinkles. The rigidity of cotton fiber reduces the ability of yarns to resist wrinkling. When the fibers are bent to a new configuration, the hydrogen bonds which hold the cellulose chains together are ruptured and the molecules

6、slide in order to minimize the stress within the fiber. The hydrogen bonds reform in the new positions, so that when the crushing force is removed the fibers stay in the new positions. It is the rupture and reformation of the hydrogen bonds that helps to maintain wrinkles, so that cotton goods must

7、be ironed.遗憾的是，棉纤维的亲水性使得它容易受到水渍。如咖啡或葡萄汁的水溶性色素会随着水分渗入纤维；当水分蒸发后，着色剂会停留在纤维上。也许棉产品主要的缺点就是其会起皱以及难以抗皱。棉纤维的刚性使得纱线抗皱性能降低。当纤维弯曲成新的结构时，将纤维素链连结起来的氢键断裂，同时分子滑移以减少纤维中的应力。氢键在新的位置重键，因而挤压的外力去除，纤维停留在新的位置。正是氢键的断裂与重键使得织物保持褶皱，所以棉织物需要熨烫。Cotton is a moderately strong fiber with good abrasion resistance and good dimensiona

8、l stability. It is resistant to the acids, alkalies, and organic solvents normally available to consumers. But since it is a natural material, it is subject to attack by insects, molds and fungus. Most prominent is the tendency for cotton to mildew if allowed to remain damp.棉纤维是具有良好的耐磨性和尺寸稳定性，强度适中的纤

9、维。它耐酸，耐碱以及有机溶剂，消费者普遍接纳。但由于它是一种天然物质，它受昆虫，霉菌和真菌攻击。最突出的是棉一旦放在持续潮湿的环境下会发霉。Cotton resists sunlight and heat well, although direct exposure to constant strong sunlight will cause yellowing and eventual degradation of the fiber. Yellowing may also occur when cotton goods are dried in gas dryers. The color

10、change is the result of a chemical reaction between cellulose and oxygen or nitrogen oxides in the hot air in the dryer. Cottons will retain their whiteness longer when line-dried or dried in the electric dryer.棉纤维耐光，耐热，尽管直接暴晒在持续的强光下会引起发黄，并最终引起纤维的降解。变黄也可能出现在棉产品被气体干燥剂干燥时。颜色的变化是纤维素和氧或二氧化氮在热空气中干燥的化学反应的

11、结果。棉花自然挂干或烘干机烘干会长时间保持其白度。Of major interest is the fact that cotton yarn is stronger when wet than when dry. This property is a consequence of the macro-and micro-structural features of the fiber. As water is absorbed, the fiber swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. Usually the absorptio

12、n of such a large amount of foreign material would cause a high degree of internal stress and lead to weakening of the fiber. In cotton, however, the absorption of water causes a decrease in the internal stresses. Thus, with less internal stresses to overcome, the swollen fiber becomes stronger. At

13、the same time, the swollen fibers within the yarns press upon each other more strongly. The internal friction strengthens the yarns. In addition, the absorbed water acts as an internal lubricant which imparts a higher level of flexibility to the fibers. This accounts for the fact that cotton garment

14、s are more easily ironed when damp. Cotton fabrics are susceptible to shrinkage upon laundering.值得关注的是，棉纱线在潮湿环境下比在干燥环境下强度更大。这种性质是棉纤维宏观和微观结构特征的结果。当水被吸收，纤维膨胀，其截面变得更圆。通常这种大量的外来物质的吸收会导致内部应力较高，导致纤维弱化。然而，棉纤维吸水导致内部应力减少。因此，减少克服内部应力，肿胀的纤维变得强度更大。同时，纱线中的溶胀纤维之间的互相挤压更强烈，内部的摩擦力增强了纱线强度。此外，所吸收的水作为一种内部润滑剂，赋予纤维较高水平的灵

15、活性。这解释了棉衣物潮湿时更容易熨烫，棉织物洗水时易收缩。Perhaps more than any other fiber, cotton satisfies the requirements of apparel, home furnishings, recreational, and industrial uses. It provides fabrics that are strong, lightweight, pliable, easily dried, and readily laundered. In apparel, cotton provides garments that

16、 are comfortable, readily dried in bright, long-lasting colors, and easy to care for. The major drawbacks are a propensity for cotton yams to shrink and for cotton cloth to wrinkle. Shrinkage may be controlled by the application of shrink-resistant finishes. Durable-press properties may be imparted

17、by chemical treatment or by blending cotton with more wrinkle-resistant fibers, such as polyester.棉也许比其他任何纤维更能满足服装，家居家具，休闲和工业用途的要求。它提供了强度大，轻薄，柔软，快干，易清洗功能的织物。在衣物方面，棉带来了舒适、在光下快干、色彩持久、容易打理的服饰。它主要的缺点是棉纱线会缩水和棉布会起皱。缩水可以应用防缩后整理来控制。耐用性能可以通过化学处理或在棉纤维混纺中使用抗皱纤维，如涤纶来实现。In home furnishings, cotton serves in dura

18、ble, general-service fabrics. Although they may lack the formal appearance of materials made from other fibers, cotton goods provide a comfortable, homey environment. Cotton fabrics have been the mainstay of bed linens and towels for decades, because they are comfortable, durable, and moisture-absor

19、bent. Polyester/cotton blends provide the modern consumer with no-iron sheets and pillowcases that retain a crisp, fresh feel.在家居用品中，棉产品担当了实用而全方位服务的织物。虽然他们可能没有其他纤维材质的美观，但棉织品（为我们）提供了一个舒适，温馨的环境。棉织物一直是几十年来的床单和毛巾的主要材质，因为他们非常舒适，耐用且具有吸湿性。涤/棉混纺织物为现代顾客提供了无须熨烫的床单和枕套，保持织物清新。For recreational use, cotton has tr

20、aditionally been used for tenting and camping gear, boat sails, tennis shoes and sportswear. Cotton is particularly well-suited for tent. A tent fabric must be able to breath, so that the occupants are not smothered in their own carbon dioxide. Furthermore, exchange of air with the outside atmospher

21、e reduces the humidity within the tent and keeps it from becoming stuffy. Fabrics woven from cotton can be open enough to provide good air permeability for comfort. Tents should also shed water, when wet by rain, cotton yarns swell, reducing the interstices between the yarns and resisting the penetr

22、ation of water. Today, however, heavy canvas gear is being supplanted by light-weight nylon in tenting equipment.娱乐用途上，棉织物一向应用于帐篷和野营装备、船帆、运动鞋和运动服。棉织物特别适合制作帐篷。帐篷织物必须能够“呼吸”，让居住者不会被自己的二氧化碳窒息。此外，与外界空气的流通减少了帐篷里面的湿度并使它不变得那么闷热。棉的机织物可以充分拉开，它具有良好的透气性以供舒适。帐篷应该能使水分流走，当被雨水打湿，棉纱膨胀，减少纱线之间的间隙，提高防水性。然而，沉重的帆布齿轮将被轻质尼

23、龙帐篷装备取代。Cotton cord, twine and ropes are used in industry to bind, hold, and lash all kinds of things, from bales to boats. Cotton yarns are used to reinforce belts on drive motors and in work clothing.棉线，麻绳和绳索被应用在捆绑、拉伸、鞭打各种物品的行业中，成捆吊上船。棉纱线用作电动机和工作服的加强带。Lesson Five Structure and Properties of WoolUn

24、der the microscopic observation, the length of the wool fiber shows a scale structure. The size of the scale varies from very small to comparatively broad and large. As many as 700 scales are found in 1 cm of fine wool, whereas coarse wool may have as few as 275 per cm. Fine wool does not have as cl

25、ear and distinct scales as coarse wool, but they can be identified under high magnification.显微观察下，羊毛纤维的长度显示出鳞片结构。鳞片的大小不同，很小到相当宽大都有。1厘米细羊毛里面可以找到700个鳞片，而粗毛每厘米少到275个。细羊毛没有粗羊毛那样清晰突出的鳞片，但他们可以在高倍镜下辨识出来。A cross section of wool shows three distinct parts to the fiber. The outer layer, called cuticle, is com

26、posed of the scales. These scales are somewhat horny and irregular in shape, and they overlap, with the top pointing towards the tip of the fiber; they are similar to fish scales. The major portion of the fiber is the cortex (composed of cortical cells ); this extends toward the center from the cuti

27、cle layer. Cortical cells are long and spindle-shaped and provide fiber strength and elasticity. The cortex accounts for approximately 90 percent of the fiber mass. In the center of the fiber is the medulla. The size of the medulla varies and in fine fibers may be invisible. This is the area through

28、 which food reached the fiber during growth, and it contains pigment that gives color to fibers.羊毛的横截面显示出了三个不同部分的纤维。外面那层，称为角质层，由鳞片形成。这些鳞片形状有点棱角，并不规则又互相重叠，由毛根指向毛尖；它们类似鱼鳞。纤维的主要部分是皮质（由皮层细胞构成）；它延伸至角质层的中心。皮质细胞呈长梭形，赋予了纤维一定的强度和弹性。皮质大概占了纤维团的90%。在纤维的中心是中腔。中腔的尺寸不一，细羊毛可能是看不见（中腔）的。这是在纤维生长过程中养分到达了纤维部分，里面包含了给纤维上色

29、的染料。Wool fibers vary in length from 3.8 to about 38 cm. Most authorities have determined that fine cools are usually from 3.8 to 12.7 cm; medium wool from 6.4 to 15.2 cm; and long (coarse) cools from 12.7 to 38 cm.羊毛纤维长度在3.8到38厘米不等。多数专家已判定，细羊毛通常从3.8到12.7厘米；中毛从6.4到15.2厘米；长（粗）毛从12.7到38厘米。The width of

30、wool also varies considerably. Fine fibers such as Merino have an average width of about 15 to 17 microns; whereas medium wool averages 24 to 34 microns and coarse wool about 40 microns. Some wool fibers are exceptionally stiff and coarse; these are called Kemp and average about 70 microns in diamet

31、er.羊毛的宽度也有很大的差别。细羊毛如美利奴，有约15至17微米的平均宽度；而中羊毛平均为24至34微米和粗羊毛约40微米。有些羊毛纤维非常僵硬和粗糙，这些就是所谓的死毛，平均直径约70微米。The wool fiber cross section may be nearly circular, but most wool fibers tend to be slightly elliptical or oval in shape. Wool fibers have a natural crimp, a built-in waviness. The crimp increases the e

32、lasticity and elongation properties of the fiber and also aids in yarn manufacturing. It is three-dimensional in character; in other words, it not only moves above and below a central axis but also moves to the right and left of the axis.羊毛纤维横截面为近圆形，但大多数羊毛纤维往往形状略呈椭圆形或卵形。羊毛纤维天然卷曲，有内置的波纹。卷曲增加了纤维的弹性和延伸

33、性，也有助于纱线制造。它呈三维结构的；换句话说，它不仅围着纤维轴上下缠绕而且左右缠绕。There is some luster to wool fibers. Fine and medium wool tends to have more luster than very coarse fibers. Fibers with a high degree of luster are silky in appearance.羊毛纤维有光泽。细中的羊毛往往比较粗的羊毛纤维有光泽。光泽度高的纤维外观光滑。The color of the natural wool fiber depends on the breed of sheep. Most wool, after scouring, is a yellowish-