来自维基百科对大数据的定义Word格式.docx

1、s technological per-capita capacity to store information has roughly doubled every 40 months since the 1980s;15 as of 2012, every day 2.5 quintillion （2.51018） bytes of data were created.16截至2012年，数据集大小尺寸的限制是exabyte数量级的数据，这种规模是指以可行的处理方式在合理的时间内进行数据处理。在许多领域科学家们经常遇到大数据集的限制，这些领域包括气象学、基因学、connectomics、复杂

2、的物理仿真、以及生物和环境研究。这些限制也影响到了互联网、金融和商业情报信息的研究。数据集大小的增长是由于这些数据集不断地通过无处不在的信息感应移动设备、航空传感技术（遥感）、软件日志、摄像头、麦克风、无线频率识别阅读器（radio-frequency identification readers）-RFID和无线传感网络来收集和聚集。从80年significant consideration.18使用关系型数据库和桌面统计和可视化软件包对大数据进行处理是困难的，它需要“将大规模并行软件运行在数十台、数百台或甚至数千台服务器（来处理）”。什么是“大数据”取决于企业管理数据集的能力、以及在其领域

3、内使用传统方式对数据集的处理和分析能力。“对某些企业来说，在第一次面对处理上百G字节的数据时就要重新考虑数据管理的选择，而对其他的企业来说，处理数百TB字节的数据量不成问题。DefinitionBig data usually includes data sets with sizes beyond the ability of commonly-used software tools to capture, curate, manage, and process the data within a tolerable elapsed time. Big data sizes are a co

4、nstantly moving target, as of 2012 ranging from a few dozen terabytes to many petabytes of data in a single data set. With this difficulty, a new platform of big data tools has arisen to handle sensemaking over large quantities of data, as in the Apache Hadoop Big Data Platform.大数据通常包括在尺寸上超出常用软件工具对数

5、据在一定的可容忍时间间隔内进行采集、管理和处理的能力的数据集。大数据的尺寸是一个不断变化的目标，截至到2012年在一个单一数据集中的数据范围从十数TB到数个PB。由于这种困难性，出现了新的“大数据“平台工具来在大量的数据中处理合理的数据，例如Apache Hadoop大数据平台。MIKE2.0, an open approach to Information Management, defines big data in terms of useful permutations, complexity, and difficulty to delete individual records.M

6、IKE2.0，一个开放的信息管理方式，从有用的排列、复杂性和难以删除单一记录几个方面定义了大数据。In a 2001 research report19 and related lectures, META Group （now Gartner） analyst Doug Laney defined data growth challenges and opportunities as being three-dimensional, i.e. increasing volume （amount of data）, velocity （speed of data in and out）, an

7、d variety （range of data types and sources）. Gartner, and now much of the industry, continue to use this 3Vs model for describing big data.20 In 2012, Gartner updated its definition as follows: Big Data are high-volume, high-velocity, and/or high-variety information assets that require new forms of

8、processing to enable enhanced decision making, insight discovery and process optimization.21在2001年的研究报告和相关文献中，META Group（现在的Gartner）的分析师Doug Laney将数据增长的挑战和机遇定义成三维方式，即总量（数据量）、速度（数据进出（变化）的速度）和多样性（数据类型和数据源的范围）。Gartner和目前业界大多数（人）延续使用这种“3V“模型来描述大数据。在2012年，Gartner更新了其对大数据的定义：”大数据是具备大数据量、高变化速度和/或高度多样新的信息资产

9、，这些信息资产需要新型的处理方式来强化决策制定、洞察发现和处理优化。ExamplesExamples include web logs, RFID, sensor networks, social networks, social data （due to the social data revolution）, Internet text and documents, Internet search indexing, call detail records, astronomy, atmospheric science, genomics, biogeochemical, biologic

10、al, and other complex and often interdisciplinary scientific research, military surveillance, medical records, photography archives, video archives, and large-scale e-commerce.例子包括网络日志、RFID、传感器网络、社交网络、社交数据（由于社交数据革命）、互联网文本和文档、互联网搜索索引、呼叫详细记录（话单-CDR）、天文学、大气科学、基因学、生物化学、生物科学以及其他复杂和常常跨学科的科学研究、军事侦查、医疗记录、图片

11、档案、视频档案、和大规模电子商务。Science and researchWhen the Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS） began collecting astronomical data in 2000, it amassed more in its first few weeks than all data collected in the history of astronomy. Continuing at a rate of about 200 GB per night, SDSS has amassed more than 140 terabyt

12、es of information. When the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, successor to SDSS, comes online in 2016 it is anticipated to acquire that amount of data every five days.5在Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS）于2000年开始采集天文数据时，在最初的几周内它积累了比天文史上收集的所有数据还要多的数据。现在他还以每夜大约200GB数据量的速率增加。SDSS已经累积了超过140TB的信息。一旦大型的天文望远镜，S

13、DSS的继任者，在2016年上线，预计它将每5天采集的数据量。In total, the four main detectors at the Large Hadron Collider （LHC） produced 13 petabytes of data in 2010 （13,000 terabytes）.22总的说来，四个主要的大型强子碰撞机在2010年所产生的是数据达到13PB（13000TB）。Decoding the human genome originally took 10 years to process; now it can be achieved in one we

14、ek.5解码人体基因原来需要10年的时间，现在它能在1周之内完成。Computational social science Tobias Preis et al. used Google Trends data to demonstrate that Internet users from countries with a higher per capita gross domestic product （GDP） are more likely to search for information about the future than information about the past

15、. The findings suggest there may be a link between online behaviour and real-world economic indicators.232425 The authors of the study examined Google queries logs made by Internet users in 45 different countries in 2010 and calculated the ratio of the volume of searches for the coming year （2011） t

16、o the volume of searches for the previous year （2009）, which they call the future orientation index.26 They compared the future orientation index to the per capita GDP of each country and found a strong tendency for countries in which Google users enquire more about the future to exhibit a higher GD

17、P. The results hint that there may potentially be a relationship between the economic success of a country and the information-seeking behavior of its citizens captured in big data.计算社会科学Tobias Preis等，使用Google趋势搜索来证明来自较高人均GDP国家的互联网用户访问未来的信息比访问过去的信息要多。这个发现暗示有可能在连线行为与真实世界中的经济指标有某种联系。该研究的作者考差了在2010年终45

18、个国家的互联网用户的Google查询日志并计算了来年（2011年）搜索数量与去年（2009年）搜索数量的比率，这个比率被他们称之为“未来取向指数”。他们比较了每个国家GDP的未来去向指数，发现具有较高的GDP国家的用户使用Google搜索的关于未来的信息的强烈倾向。这个结果暗示在经济成功的国家，其国民在大数据中寻找信息的行为有可能的关联。GovernmentIn 2012, the Obama administration announced the Big Data Research and Development Initiative, which explored how big dat

19、a could be used to address important problems facing the government.27 The initiative was composed of 84 different big data programs spread across six departments.28在2012年，奥巴马政府宣布了大数据研究和开发计划，探索如何使用大数据来解决政府面临的问题。该计划由跨越6个政府部门的84个大数据程序项目所组成。The United States Federal Government owns six of the ten most

20、powerful supercomputers in the world.29美国联邦政府拥有世界上10台超级计算机中的6台。 Private sectorWalmart handles more than 1 million customer transactions every hour, which is imported into databases estimated to contain more than 2.5 petabytes of data the equivalent of 167 times the information contained in all the b

21、ooks in the US Library of Congress.5Walmart每小时处理100万个顾客事务，这些事务被输入进数据库，该数据库含有超过2.5PB的数据是美国国会图书馆所有图书信息量的167倍Facebook handles 40 billion photos from its user base.Facebook处理来自用户群的400亿张照片FICO Falcon Credit Card Fraud Detection System protects 2.1 billion active accounts world-wide.30FICO Falcon信用卡欺诈检测系统

22、保护全球21亿激活用户。The volume of business data worldwide, across all companies, doubles every 1.2 years, according to estimates.31据估计，全球所有公司的商业数据量每1.2年要翻番。MarketBig data has increased the demand of information management specialists in that Software AG, Oracle Corporation, IBM, Microsoft, SAP, and HP have

23、spent more than $15 billion on software firms only specializing in data management and analytics. This industry on its own is worth more than $100 billion and growing at almost 10 percent a year, about twice as fast as the software business as a whole.5“大数据”增加了对信息管理专业人士的需求，因为Software AG、 Oracle、 IBM

24、、 Microsoft、SAP、和 HP已经花费了超过150亿没劲收购软件公司，只为了数据管理和分析的专业人士。这个行业自身的价值超过1000亿美元并以每年10%的速度增长，是整个软件业务增长速度的2倍。Developed economies make increasing use of data-intensive technologies. There are 4.6 billion mobile-phone subscriptions worldwide and there are between 1 billion and 2 billion people accessing the

25、internet.5 Between 1990 and 2005, more than 1 billion people worldwide entered the middle class which means more and more people who gain money will become more literate which in turn leads to information growth. The worlds effective capacity to exchange information through telecommunication network

26、s was 281 petabytes in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2.2 exabytes in 2000, 65 exabytes in 200715 and it is predicted that the amount of traffic flowing over the internet will reach 667 exabytes annually by 2013.5发达的经济越来越多地使用数据密集型技术。全球有46亿移动手机签约和10-20亿人们接入互联网。在1990-2005年间，全球有10亿人进入中产阶级，这意味着越来越多的挣到钱的人将变得更加有文化，这又反过来刺激信息的增长。全球通过电信网络交换的有效信息在1986年是281PB，在1993年是471PB，在2000年是65 EB，预计到2013年互联网的流量将超过每年667EB。TechnologiesBig data requires exceptional technologies to efficiently process large quantities of data within tolerable elapsed times. A 2011 McKinsey report32 suggests suitable technologies inc