高中英语语法全英详解Word下载.docx

1、2、1969年7月，美国的“阿波罗11号”载人飞船成功地在月球上着陆。必修一语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plansIn English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use will or be going to followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to

2、use be going to most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans. Ex. we are going to Mexico next Sunday. Are you coming to the cinema? He is leaving for London in two hours. We are spending next winter in Australia.Only some v

3、erbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.扩展：Whats the difference between using be going to and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Lets look at some more examples:“Im going to play football

4、 on Saturday”You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.“Im playing football on Saturday”You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it （e.g. called your friends or

5、booked a place to play）. In this case, its likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech（直接引语和间接引语）Lets first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-

6、versa.You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:by repeating the words spoken （direct speech）by reporting the words spoken （indirect or reported speech）.Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between qu

7、otation marks （ ） and there is no change in these words.Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like say, tellask, and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are

8、 not used.1、 declarative sentence陈述句Change in pronoun: The pronoun （subject） of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object （person） of reporting verb （first part of sentence）. Sometimes the pronoun may not change.In following example the pronoun of reported s

9、peech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun （Subject） of reporting verb that is “he”.He said, “I like it very much.”He said that he liked it very much.Change in tense: If the first part of sentence （reporting verb part） belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech wi

10、ll change. If the first part of sentence （reporting verb part） belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.Change in demonstrative pronoun指示代词, temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of place地点状语 and verbs.Ps：（1）if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then the

11、re is no change in tense when its converted to indirect speech.Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”He said that light travels much faster than sound.（2） 如果在当地转述，here不必改成there，come不必改为go，如果在当天转述，yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。2、 imperative sentence祈使句Imperative sentences do not normall

12、y have an expressed subject. In order to change an imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. Note that instead of said we use one of the following reporting verbs:Ask, Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.If the imperative sentence is in nega

13、tive form, then add not in front of to-infinitive when convert the speech.Ex. The hostess said to us, “Please sit down.”The hostess asked us to sit down. He said, “Dont make so much noise, boys.”He told the boys to not to make so much noise. 3、 interrogative sentence疑问句Turn word order in interrogati

14、ve sentence into that in declarative sentence, and use a full stop in the end. The subject, tense, adverbial etc have to change accordingly.（1） general question一般疑问句General questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the connective if or whether. The reporting verb say or said changes to

15、 ask or asked.Ex. He said, “Are you interested in English?”He asked （me） if I was interested in English.（2） special questionSpecial questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the same interrogative.Ex. “What do you want?” he asked me.He asked me what I wanted.语法点三：The Attributive Clause

16、定语从句Attributive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun to make clear which person or thing we are talking about.Ex. The man who lives next to us sells vegetable. You must do everything that I do.In the two examples above, man and everything are called antecedents先行词. Who liv

17、es next to us and that I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are relative pronoun关系代词. The words to connect main clause and attributive clause are divided into two groups, they are relative pronouns, namely that, which, who, whom, whose, and relative adverbs, namely where, when, why. Relative p

18、ronouns: We use who and whom for people, and which for things. We use that for people or things.1. That, which, who2. WhoseWhose replaces a genitive noun名词所有格 in an attributive clause. The antecedent can be thing or person. Ex. This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.The room wh

19、ose window faces south is mine.3. When, where, whyFirst, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will use “why”. Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will be used. Third, when the antecedent is about place,

20、 playing the role of an adv of place, we will consider adopting where.必修二（接定从讲）4. The restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause.限制性和非限制性（1） Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. They are usually not marked by pauses in speech, and they are not set off by com

21、mas in writing. Sometimes the relative pronoun which serves as an object in clause can be omitted.Ex. What is the name of the tall man who just came in?Beijing is a city （that） Ive always wanted to visit.He has found the book （that） he was looking for.（2） Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something ab

22、out a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or restrict, the meaning of that subject. They are usually marked by brief pauses in speech and are usually set off by commas in writing. Relative cannot be omitted.Ex. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.Yesterday I met Li

23、Ping, who seemed to be very busy.Ps: In restrictive attributive clause, relative adverbs behind time or place sometimes can be omitted in spoken English.Ex. That was the year （when） I first went abroad.We need a place （where） we can stay for a few days.Why clause can only modified reason and it can

24、be converted to for which. In spoken English, we can also use that or just omit the relative.Ex. The reason （why/for which/that） I bought the roses is that Mary likes them.How cannot be used as relative adverbs. We use in which, that, or no relative to modify way.Ex. This is the way （how） I did it.

25、（wrong）This is the way（in which/that） I did it. （correct）the attributive clause can also be called as relative clause.The passive voiceWe have learned the passive voice of the simple present tense and simple past tense.1. The simple future tense （use ask as an example） affirmative form; negative for

26、m; interrogative form2. The present perfect tense3. The present continuous tense4. Phrasal verb短语动词Normally, only transitive verbs can be used in passive voice, but with the addition of preposition or adverb to intransitive verbs, some phrasal verbs serve as transitive verbs, so they have passive vo

27、ice too. Pay attention, we cant miss any part of phrasal verb when we change it into passive voice.At last they put out the fire. At last the fire was put out.They will put up a notice on the wall. A notice will be put up on the wall.Have you sent for a doctor? Has the doctor been sent for? 必修三modal

28、 verbs情态动词A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality that is: likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. They have to be used with infinitive.Can-could may-might shall-should will-would have to-had to must1. Can & couldThey can be used to indicate ability, permission, pos

29、sibility, etc.Possibility:We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:It can be very cold in winter. （= It is sometimes very cold in winter）We use could as the past tense of can:It could be very cold in winter. （=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.）We use could to show t

30、hat something is possible in the future, but not certain:If we dont hurry we could be late. （=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late）We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the past:Its ten oclock. They could have arrived now.Permission:We usecanto ask for permission to do something or give permission; could is more formal and polite than can.2. May & might The negative forms are may not and might not.We use may:1 when we are not sure about something:Jack may be coming to see us tomorrow. to m