可持续建筑绿色建筑外文翻译文献Word文档格式.docx

1、字数统计：英文1985单词，11317字符；中文3460汉字外文文献：Issues in Sustainable Architecture and Possible SolutionsAbstract The growing concern with environmental and ecological conditions have led to the discussion/search for energy conscious, Eco friendly, energy efficient building designs. For the better growth of the

2、future, keeping in view the environment related issues, the first objective of the designer is sustainable development i.e. environmentally compatible building designs. Sustainable architecture also referred as green architecture is a design that uses natural building materials e.g. earth, wood, sto

3、ne etc （not involving pollution in its treatment） that are energy efficient and that make little or no impact on the nature of a site and its resources. This paper discusses issues related to Sustainable/environmental architecture. It also considers possible solutions related to these issues.Index T

4、ermsSustainable, Green, Architecture, Building, Design. Efficiency.I. INTRODUCTIONThe words Green, Ecological and Sustainable are terms used by environmentalists to indicate modes of practice. From global economics to household features these practices minimize our impact on the environment and gene

5、rate a healthy place of living. In a deeper sense the words involve as to what can be done to heal and regenerate the earths ability to bear life.A. Principles of Environmentally Oriented Design In Architecture there are many ways a building may be green and respond to the growing environmental prob

6、lems of our planet. Sustainable architecture can be practiced still maintaining efficiency, beauty, layouts and cost effectiveness. There are five basic areas of an environmentally oriented design. They are Healthy Interior Environment, Energy Efficiency, Ecological Building Materials, Building Form

7、 and Good Design. Healthy Interior Environment: It has to be well insured that building materials and systems used do not emit toxic unhealthy gases and substances in the built spaces. Further extra cars and measures are to be taken to provide maximum levels of fresh air and adequate ventilation to

8、the interior environment. Energy Efficiency: It has to be well ensured that the buildings use of energy is minimized. The various HVAC systems and methods of construction etc. should be so designed that energy consumption is minimal. Ecological Building Materials: As far as possible the use of build

9、ing materials should be from renewable sources having relatively safe sources of production. Building Form: The building form should respond to the site, region, climate and the materials available thereby generating a harmony between the inhabitants and the surroundings. Good Design: Structure & Ma

10、terial and Aesthetics are the basic parameters of defining design. They should be so integrated that the final outcome is a well built, convenient and a beautiful living space.These principles of environmentally oriented design comprise yet another meaningful and environmental building approach call

11、ed Green or Sustainable design. Architects should use their creativity and perception to correlate these principles to generate locally appropriate strategies, materials and methods keeping in mind that every region should employ different green strategies.B. DefinitionSustainability means to hold u

12、p or to support from below. It refers to the ability of a society, ecosystem or any such ongoing system, to continue functioning into the indefinite future （without being forced into decline through exhaustion of key resources）.Sustainable architecture involves a combination of values: aesthetic, en

13、vironmental, social, political and moral. Its about ones perception and technical knowledge to engage in a central aspect of the practice i.e. to design and build in harmony with the environment. It is the duty of an architect to think rationally about a combination of issues like sustainability, du

14、rability, longevity, appropriate materials and sense of place.The present environmental conditions have led to the discussion/search for energy conscious, Eco friendly, energy efficient building designs. For the better growth of the future, keeping in view the environment related issues, the first o

15、bjective of the designer is a sustainable development i.e. environmentally compatible. This paper discusses issues related to Sustainable/environmental architecture. The main focus of the paper is on sustainable architecture - its need, solutions and impact on the future.II. NEEDS AND ISSUESThe ecol

16、ogical crisis today is very serious and till date much of the debate still focuses on the symptoms rather than the causes. As a result there is an urgent need to emphasize and workout the best possible approach towards environmental protection thereby minimizing further degradation.Architecture pres

17、ents a unique challenge in the field of sustainability. Construction projects typically consume large amounts of materials, produce tons of waste, and often involve weighing the preservation of buildings that have historical significance against the desire for the development of newer, more modern d

18、esigns. Sustainable development is one such measure, which presents an approach that can largely contribute to environmental protection. A striking balance between Environmental protection and Sustainable development is a difficult and delicate task.Sustainable design is the thoughtful integration o

19、f architecture with electrical, mechanical, and structural engineering. In addition to concern for the traditional aesthetics of massing, proportion, scale, texture, shadow, and light, the facility design team needs to be concerned with long term costs: environmental, economic, and human as shown in

20、 Figure 1.III. CONCEPT AND RELEVANCE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTUREIn the present day scenario the idea and concept of Sustainable Architecture/Development is relevant in the light of the following two aspects:a） Ecological and Environmental crisisb） Imminent disasters and their management Some of the

21、major causes, which greatly contribute to these two aspects, can be listed as: Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization:The consequences of this can further lead to Population explosion, Geological deposits of sewage and garbage, Unsustainable patterns of living & development, Environmental degradat

22、ion （pollution of air, water, soil etc, food web disruption）. Thus sustainable urban development is crucial to improve the lives of urban populations and the remainder of the planet. Both people and ecosystems impacted upon by their activities. Natural Calamities:Natural calamities like volcanic eru

23、ptions, earthquakes, flood, famine etc. which are being further aggravated by mankind add to the list of other ill effects like atomic explosion, green house effect, ozone depletion etc. Sustainable design attempts to have an understanding of the natural processes as well as the environmental impact

24、 of the design. Making natural cycles and processes visible, bring the designed environment back to life. Depletion of Non-renewable sources:Rapid depletion of non-renewable sources is leading to serious issues related to energy & water conservation etc. Thus the rational use of natural resources an

25、d appropriate management of the building stock can contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption and improving environmental quality.IV. SOLUTIONSA. Sustainable ConstructionSustainable construction is defined as the creation and responsible management of a healthy built environm

26、ent based on resource efficient and ecological principles. Sustainable designed buildings aim to lessen their impact on our environment through energy and resource efficiency.Sustainable building may be defined as building practices, which strive for integral quality （including economic, social and

27、environmental performance） in a very broad way. Thus, the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of the building stock will contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption （energy conservation）, and improving environmental quality.Sustainable building involve

28、s considering the entire life cycle of buildings, taking environmental quality, functional quality and future values into account environmental initiatives of the construction sector and the demands of users are key factors in the market. Governments will be able to give a considerable impulse to su

29、stainable buildings by encouraging these developments. Further the various energy related issues during the different phases in the construction of buildings can be understood with respect to the chart shown in Figure2.B. Environmentally Friendly Houses Following the five basic principles of environ

30、mentally oriented design can lead to the construction of what can be called as Environmentally Friendly House. An environmentally friendly house is designed and built to be in tune with its occupants, nature, environment and ecosystem. It is designed and built according to the region it is located i

31、n, keeping in mind the climate, material, availability and building practices. The basic areas of design need to be considered at this stage can be listed as: Orientation Reduce Energy Gain or Loss Lighting Responsible Landscaping Waste Management External VentilationC. Green BuildingA green buildin

32、g places a high priority on health, environmental and resource conservation performance over its life cycle. These new priorities expand and complement the classical building design concerns: economy, utility, durability and delight. Green design emphasize a number of new environmental, resource and occupant health concerns: Reduce