初高中英语衔接教材.docx

1、初高中英语衔接教材 句子成分及结构一：句子成分由词或词组充当, 英语的基本成分有七种主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、表语（predicative）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)，补语（complement）。（1）. 主语 S主语 (Subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.During the 19

2、90s, American country music has become more and more popular. 名词2.We often speak English in class. 代词3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 数词4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 不定式5.Smoking does harm to the health. 动名词6.The rich should help the poor. 名词化的形容词7.When we are going

3、 to have an English test has not been decided. 主语从句8.It is necessary to master a foreign language。it 为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语（2）. 谓语 （V）谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词

4、原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（3）表语 （P）表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The sp

5、eech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，

6、性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, stand, 例如： He always keep silent at meeting.3）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 4）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如： He became

7、 mad after that.除此之外，还有prove, turn out, appear, seem等。The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success。（4）宾语 (O)宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.They visited an exhibition yesterday.名词2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 代词，动名词3.How many dictionaries do you have

8、? I have five. 名词，数词4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 名词化形容词，名词5.He pretended not to see me. 不定式6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 动名词7.I think（that）he is fit for his office. 宾语从句宾语种类：1）双宾语（间接宾语O+直接宾语O） Lend me your dictionary, please. He gave me a book yesterday.2）复合宾语（宾语O+宾补

9、C） 1. They elected him their monitor. 名词2.They painted their boat white. 形容词3.Let the fresh air in. 介词4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 不定式5.We saw her entering the room. 动名词6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 介词短语7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. 从句以上几种是

10、句子的必要成分，不可缺少，否则句子意义就不完整。句子除了必要成分外，还可以有定语，状语，同位语和插入语。（5）定语 修饰，限制，描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surpr

11、ised.（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定语从句)（6）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成

12、分。从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制，状语一般由副词充当，也可由名词，介词短语，非谓语动词，从句等充当。1.Light travels most quickly. 副词及副词性短语2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 介词短语3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 不定式4.He is in the room making a model plane. 分词短语5.Wait a minut

13、e. 名词6.Once you begin, you must continue. 状语从句9种状语种类如下： 1. How about meeting again at six? 时间2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 原因3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 条件4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 地点5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 方式5. She

14、 came in with a dictionary in her hand. 伴随6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 目的7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 结果8.She works very hard though she is old. 让步9.I am taller than he is. 比较（7）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou,

15、our headmaster.We students should study hard. We all are students. （8）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.二：英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1： （主谓）2： （主系表）3： （主谓宾）4： （主谓间宾直宾）5： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型一： （不及物动词）1. The sun rose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句