1、十五hexadeca-十六Heptadeca-十七Octadeca-十八Nonadeca-十九Arachidic-二十Methyl-甲基Ethyl-乙基Propyl-丙基Butyl-丁基Amyl-戊基Hexyl-己基Heptyl-庚基Octyl-辛基Nonyl-壬基Decyl-癸基Cyclo-环Iso-异Hemi-半Semi-Hemo-血Homo-同Holo-完全Heter(o)-杂,异,其它Ov-卵alkane烷烃 paraffin石蜡 olefin石蜡alkene烯烃 alkyne炔烃 alcohol醇ketone酮aldehyde醛phenol酚ether醚acid酸ester酯amin
2、e胺amide酰胺acylhalide酰卤halide卤代物quinone醌hyper-过于,超,极度super-hypo-次,亚,在之下per-高oligo- 寡,少数的ortho- 正-,邻-,(o-)meta-偏-,间-,(m-)para-傍-,对-,副-normal正-trans反-cis 顺-benzyl苄基benzoyl 苯甲酰(基)acetyl乙酰基propionyl丙酰基butyryl 丁酰基thionyl 亚硫酰基thio-硫-sulfonyl-磺酰fluoro-氟代chloro-氯代iodo-碘代bromo-溴代hydroxyl(l)-羟基carboxy(l)-羧基carb
3、ony(l)-羰基alkyl烷基alkoxyl烷氧基amido酰胺基amino氨基imino亚氨基sulfhydryl巯基guanidino胍基imidazole咪唑基methylol羟甲基methylene亚甲基primary伯-,一级secondary仲-,二级tertiary叔-,三级quaternary 季-,四级2、词尾-ane-烷-ene-烯-yne-炔-enol-烯醇-ol-醇-al-醛-aldehyde-醛 -one-酮-amine-胺-amide-酰胺-imine-亚胺-ate-盐,-酯-ester-酯-ether-醚-ide-酐,-化-ite-亚盐-itol-糖醇-osid
4、e-糖苷-onic-酮酸,-糖酸-ose-醛糖-ulose-酮糖-an-聚糖-yl-基-genin-配基-ase-酶3 有机酸与核苷酸Formic acid甲酸Acetic a.乙酸Propionic a.丙酸Butyric a.丁酸Caproic a.己酸Heptoic a.庚酸Caprylic a.辛酸Capric a.癸酸Lauric a.月桂酸Myristic a.肉豆蔻酸Palmitic a.棕榈酸(软脂酸)Palmitoleic a.棕榈油酸Stearic a.硬脂酸Oleic a.油酸Linoleic a.亚油酸Linolenic a.亚麻酸eicosanoic花生酸,二十烷酸A
5、rachidonic花生四烯酸butannoichexanoicheptylate, heptanoateoctanoic, octoicdecanoicdodecanoic十二酸tetradecanoic十四酸hexadecanoic十六酸9-hexadecenoic十六-9-烯酸octadecanoic十八酸9-octadecenoic十八-9-烯酸9,12,15-octadecatrienoic十八碳三烯酸Arachidic 二十酸5,8,11,14-eicostetraenoic二十碳四烯酸13-docosenoic二十二碳-13-烯酸Citric 柠檬酸Lactic乳酸Acetic乙
6、酸,醋酸Malic 苹果酸Tartaric 酒石酸Oxalic 草酸Amber 琥珀酸Fumaric 富马酸Succinic Tannic 丹宁酸Tannin单宁Benzoic 苯甲酸Sorbic 山梨酸Adenosine(A)腺苷Guanosine(G)鸟苷Cyridine(C)胞苷Uridine(U)尿苷Thymine(Thy)胸腺嘧啶Cytosine(Cyt)胞嘧啶Uracil(Ura)尿嘧啶Nucleic acid核酸Nucleotide核苷酸Ribonucleic acid核糖核酸Deoxyribonucleic脱氧核糖核酸Nucleoside核苷Ribose核糖Purine嘌呤Ad
7、enine(Ade)腺嘌呤Guanine(Gua)鸟嘌呤Pyrimidine嘧啶4 糖类与脂类furanose呋喃糖pyranose吡喃糖arabinose阿拉伯糖xylose木糖riboseglucose葡萄糖fructose果糖galactose半乳糖mannose甘露糖sorbose山梨糖fucose岩藻糖galacturonic acid半乳糖醛酸glucuronic acid葡萄糖醛酸oligosaccharide寡糖oligosepolysaccharide多糖polyosemucopolysaccharide粘多糖sucrose蔗糖maltose麦芽糖isomaltose异麦芽糖
8、dextrin糊精cyclodextrin环状糊精amylose直链淀粉amylopectin支链淀粉glycogen糖原cellulose纤维素hemicellulose半纤维素pectic substances果胶质protopectin原果胶levulose左旋糖dextrose右旋糖monosaccharide单糖monosemonosaccharosedisaccharide双糖disaccharosetriose三碳糖tetrose四碳糖aldose醛糖Ketose酮糖homoglycan同(均)聚糖heteroglycan杂聚糖glycan聚糖glycosanglucan葡聚糖f
9、ructosan果聚糖xylan木聚糖mannan甘露聚糖hexosan己聚糖glycoside糖苷,配糖物glucosyl葡萄糖(基)glycerol甘油glycerineglycoritol甘油酸盐glycerate甘油糖醇sorbitol山梨糖醇glucitol葡萄糖醇xylitol木糖醇mannitol甘露糖醇syrup糖浆golden syrup糖蜜,佐餐糖浆molasses(废)糖蜜caramel焦糖,酱色molasses mass废糖蜜浆caramelize焦糖化saturated fatty acid饱和脂肪酸glyceride甘油酯glycerin ester甘油酯 trig
10、lyceride甘油三酸酯tristearin三硬脂酸甘油酯glycerin单硬脂酸甘油酯triolein三油酸甘油酯phosphatide磷脂phospholipidglycerophospholipid甘油磷脂lecithin卵磷脂cephalin脑磷脂glycolipid糖酯choline胆碱inositol肌醇ethanolamine乙醇胺sterol固醇cholesterol胆固醇steroid类固醇化合物5、分析reagent试剂sequestering agent螯合剂chelating agentqualitative analysis定性分析quantitative anal
11、ysis定量分析methyl red甲基红methyl orange甲基橙neutral red中性红sensuous identification感观鉴定optical analysis光学分析accuracy准确度precision精密度deviation偏差error误差visible - ultraviolet 可见-紫外absorbance吸光度spectral curve光谱曲线titrimetry 滴定分析standard curve标准曲线standardization标定fluorometry荧光分析法fluorescence荧光spectrometry光谱测定法mass s
12、pectrometry质谱法volumetric flask容量瓶beaker烧杯flask烧瓶conical flask三角瓶graduated cylinder量筒funnel漏斗desiccator干燥器desiccant干燥剂drying oven烘箱defecate用石灰澄清defect缺陷,疵病6、无机盐sodium carbonate碳酸钠sodium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠sodium bisulphate硫酸氢钠Sodium bisulphate亚硫酸氢钠phosphite亚磷酸盐phosphate磷酸盐disodium phosphate磷酸氢二钠phosphide
13、磷化物Mono-sodium phosphate磷酸氢钠nitrate硝酸盐Nitrite亚硝酸盐Sulphur(S)硫Sulphuric acid硫酸Sulphate(sulfate)硫酸盐Sulphurous acid亚硫酸Sulphite(sulfite)亚硫酸盐Sulphide(sulfide)硫化物oxide氧化物fluoride氟化物fluorine氟chloride氯化物chlorine(Cl)氯bromide溴化物bromine(Br)溴iodide碘化物iodine(I)碘carbide碳化物silicate硅酸盐iodate碘酸盐Chloride漂白粉bleaching p
14、owderhigh test hypochlorite漂白精Hypochlorite次氯酸盐Perchlorate高氯酸盐Chlorate正氯酸盐Hydroxide氢氧根离子Chlorinity氯含量Cyanide氰化物Cyanic acid氰酸7食品化学emulsifier乳化器,乳化剂emulsion乳浊液Glycerin monostearateSoybean phospholipid大豆磷脂spicery香料,佐料seasoning佐料,调味料seasonerSeasoning matterSweet orange oil甜橙油Mandarin oil橘子油Lemon oil柠檬油Sp
15、earmint oil 薄荷油vanillin香兰素maltol麦芽酚ethylmaltol乙基麦芽酚Active carbon活性碳diatomaceous硅藻土kaolin高岭土,白陶土antifoamer消泡剂antiadhesive抗粘着剂Anti-caking agent抗结块剂Benzyl acetate乙酸苄酯antimold防霉剂Isoamyl acetate乙酸异戊酯Antiseptic agent消毒剂Sweetener甜味剂Antitoxic解毒剂Thickener增稠剂Synergist增效剂Sodium alginate海藻酸钠Stabilizer稳定剂carboxy
16、 methyl cellulose羧甲基纤维素adsorption isotherm 吸附等温线desorption解吸resorption回吸moisture湿度,水分centrifugate离心clarify澄清,净化clarificationhomogenize均质,均化homogenate匀浆emulsify乳化Deshell脱壳Decorticate脱皮Degum脱胶Defatting脱脂DehullDegreaseHygroscopicity吸湿性Diffusion扩散性Viscosity粘性,粘度Volatility挥发性Plasticity可塑性permeability渗透性I
17、mpermeability不渗透性,气密性Osmotic pressure渗透压Depolymerize解聚Hydrolysis水解作用Pyrolysis热解,高温分解Browning褐变Rancidity酸败Palatability可口性Lubrication润滑Solubility溶解度/性Solvability溶解能力Dipolar偶极Dielectric constant介电常数Equilibrium constant平衡常数8 常见食品分类名词mango芒果cashew腰果pomegranate石榴guava番石榴Passion fruit西番莲mandarin(e)蜜橘,橘oran
18、ge橙Litchi, lychee荔枝longan龙眼plum李,梅jujube枣hawthorn山楂papaya木瓜sugar cane甘蔗Betel nut, areca槟榔Chinese mustard芥菜cinnamon肉桂clove丁香menthol薄荷onion洋葱ginger姜scallion葱chive细香葱leek韭菜garlic蒜头garlic sprouts蒜苗mustard芥末spice香料essence香精sesame芝麻soy sauce酱油beef牛肉pork猪肉mutton羊肉flesh of rabbit/hare兔肉fish flesh鱼肉seaweed海藻
19、laver紫菜bean curd豆腐sausage香肠margarine人造黄油yogurt酸奶yolk蛋黄Sauerkraut泡菜pickled cabbage 腌菜Chinese cabbage大白菜spinach菠菜eggplant茄子bitter melon苦瓜bitter gourdcucumber黄瓜cucumber in soy酱黄瓜wax gourdwhite gourd冬瓜cantaloup香瓜,甜瓜pumpkin南瓜dishcloth gourd丝瓜pea豌豆,青豆soy bean, soya黄豆,大豆peanut花生carrot胡萝卜Chinese radish萝卜lot
20、us root藕Cassava, manioc木薯9 微生物学名Aspergillus曲霉属黄曲霉臭曲霉黑曲霉米曲霉宇佐美曲霉Absidia梨头霉属Acetobacter醋酸杆菌属Agaricus蘑菇属Bacillus芽孢杆菌属Bacillus subtilis枯草芽孢杆菌Brevibacterium短杆菌属Candida假丝酵母属Clostridium梭状芽孢杆菌属Corynebacterium棒杆菌属Escherichia coli大肠埃希氏菌Hansenula汉逊酵母属Lactobacillus乳杆菌属Mucor毛霉属Rhizopus根霉属Rhodotorula红酵母属Saccharom
21、yces酿酒酵母属Salmonella沙门氏菌属streptococcus链球菌属Trichoderma木霉属Trichoderma viride绿色木霉Willianus威尔酵母菌10食品微生物及发酵diplobacillus双杆菌colony菌落spore芽孢,孢子capsule荚膜bacteriophage噬菌体family科hypha菌丝孢子Infect感染,传染Infuse浸制,泡制Commercial fermentation工业发酵Feeding进料Diffuse浸提Corrupt腐败的,不洁Defoam消泡De-esterification脱脂作用Degeneration退化D
22、egrade退化,降解Depurate净化,精制Desiccate干燥DextrineAssimilation同化作用dissimilation异化作用nitrification硝化作用denitrification反硝化作用Nitrogen fixation固氮作用Pasteur fixation巴氏效应fermentability可发酵性Homofermentation同型发酵heterofermentation异型发酵Autolysis自溶现象Schizogenesis裂殖Budding芽殖Dormancy休眠Lag phage延滞期Decline phase衰亡期Stationary phase稳定期Exponential growth指数生长期Recipient受体Log phage对数生长期Corrosive腐败性,腐蚀性deastringent脱涩Clone克隆Mutation突变Mutant突变体Mutagenesis诱变Mutagen诱变剂
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