环境工程专业英语翻译30页Word文件下载.docx

1、 Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么 Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息 Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它

2、们所必要的基本科学知识 Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状 Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and n

3、ature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷 Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有

4、技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。Some important definitions一些重要的定义Where they are first used in this book，definitions are introduced in block form，as shown here，or printed in bold type.如果他们是第一次使用这本书，定义介绍采用块形式，像这里显示的一样，或印成黑体字。Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds u

5、s；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。System，according to websters dictionary，is defined as“a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or

6、universe”.系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物。比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙” 。Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living or

7、ganisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。When the goal of improving environmental quanlity is taken to be improving human wellbeing，the word“environment”broadens to include all kinds of social，economic，and cultural aspects. Such broadness is unworkable in many real situation

8、s and impractical in a text book designed for a one semester course. Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of“environment”.当改善环境质量的目标是用来改善人类的福祉， “环境” 这个词扩大到包括社会，经济，文化等所有方面的内容。这种扩大化在许多实际情况下是不可行的，在本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不切实际的。因此，我们对环境问题的考察限于我们定义的“环境”。Interaction of

9、 Systems互动系统A number of different environmental problems areassociated with water,air,or land systems. 许多不同的环境问题都涉及到水，空气，或土壤。Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems,justifying the breakdown into these categories.许多这些问题只适用于在其中一个系统，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。Such a classification

10、is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.这种分类也有助于更容易理解一个系统里的相关问题。Moreover,it is sensible because,for manager and administrative reasons,such subfields as air pollution,water supply,wastewater disposal,and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by go

11、vernmental agencies.此外，这样做是明智的，因为是行政管理的原因，空气污染，水供应，固体废物处置和废水处理，往往是由政府机构分别处理的。Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined to an air,water,or land system,but involve interactions between systems.很遗憾的是，许多重要的环境问题不只局限于一个空气，水，或土壤系统，更涉及系统之间的相互作用。A current example is the acid rain

12、problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations,smelters,and automobile exhausts。目前的一个例子是酸雨问题，根源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和氮氧化物气体。These gases are then transported by air currents over wide regions.这些气体被气流运送到广阔的

13、区域。Rainfall “washes them out”,creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life,forests,and agricultural crops.雨水“将它们洗去”，产生了对水生生物，森林和农作物有害的酸雨。Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide,a global pro

14、blem,and the acid rain problem,normally of regional nature.两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球性问题以及具有地域性质的酸雨问题。Environmental Disturbances环境扰乱Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology.我们的生活水平的许多重大改进，可以归因于科学和技术的应用。A few examples ar

15、e noted here.Can you think of others?这里举几个例子，你可以想到其他例子吗？The production of more and better quality food生产更多更好的优质食品The creation of housing as protection from extremes from climates and as living space创造能避免极端的气候的保护所和生活空间The building of fast and reliable means of transportation建设快速和可靠的运输方式The invention

16、of various systems of communication发明各种通信系统The invention of machines to replace human or animal power发明机器来取代人类或动物体力The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes 安全水的供应和废物处理The elimination of many infectious diseases消灭多种传染疾病The elimination of most waterborne diseases in the developed world thro

17、ugh improved water technology在多数发达国家中通过改善水技术来消除大部分水源性疾病The availability of leisure time through greater productivity,providing the opportunity for cultural and recreational activities通过提高生产力，腾出闲暇时间，为进行文化和娱乐活动提供机会The protection from the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods,droughts,earth

18、quakes,and volcanic eruptions.防止最严重的自然灾害的影响，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆发With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.然而,随着（科学技术的）发展,产生了不良的副作用,比如,可耕地丢失,森林消失,环境污染,微生物滋长.Many effec

19、ts originally considered to be just nuisances are now recognized as potential threats to nature and to humans.起初只是让我们觉得讨厌的许多事物现在被认为对自然和人类存在的潜在威胁。In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.在农业社

20、会，人们基本上能与自然和谐地相处,他们在陆地上种植食物,收集木材,做衣服和工具。The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any, problems of water, land, or air pollution occurred.动物和人类排放的废物作为肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空气污染问题产生。The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire, had syst

21、ems to supply water and to dispose of wastes.在古代的城市，特别是像罗马帝国那类，就已经存在供水系统和处置废物系统。The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome （population about 1 million） with safe water from the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such systems.从一个最早建成之一且最有名的

22、污水管-古罗马大排泄沟，向古代的罗马城市提供安全的水的渠道，就是这样的系统的例子。The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout Europe.古代的城市的市政技术似乎已经被那些在整个欧洲建设城市的人遗忘了许多个世纪。Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nine

23、teenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carrying organisms.供水和废物处置的忽略，导致爆发了许多疾病，如痢疾、霍乱、伤寒和其它水传染的疾病。The industrial revolution in nineteenth-century Britain, Europe, and North America aggravated the environmental problems since it brought

24、increased urbanization.直到19世纪中期，人们才意识到废物的不正确处置导致引起疾病的微生物污染了供水。Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle. 19世纪在英国、欧洲和北美的工业革命带来了工业化和城市化的增加，也加重了环境问题。城市化和工业化在过去和现在都是引起水和空气污染的根本原因，这在当时的

25、城市还不能够处理。Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of waterborne diseases.在接下来的几十年，水处理和废水的部分处理技术在发达国家快速发展，这导致水传染疾病的发生率大量地减少。Note tha

26、t all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute out water, air, and land system.注意，所有的废物排放到环境中都会污染我们的水、空气和土地系统。Unit TwoHistorical Overview of Hazardous Substance Disposal in the USA回顾美国处置危险物品的历史Hazardous substance disposal practices in the United States have traveled full circle.在美国，处理危险物品

27、的做法走过了迂回的道路。Prior to 1978 there were few if any regulations regarding the disposal of these materials.1978年之前，很少有任何关于如何处置这些物品的法规。Improper disposal of many of these chemicals resulted in health problems for many citizens, contaminated water supplies, and destruction of wildlife. 这些化学物品的不当处置使市民陷入健康问题，

28、水供应受污染和野生生物死亡。With the enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act （RCRA） of 1978, manufacturing facilities now have an obligation to account for all waste materials that are generated by the facility. 随着资源回收法（1978年）的颁布，工厂有责任处置生产设施所产生的所有废弃材料 。Implementation of RCRA has been slow. 但是资源回收法

29、的实施一直进展缓慢。From the very early industrial period in the United States, which started about 1920, until several years after the Second World War, there was little concern for the proper methods of disposal of waste materials that were generated as by-products during manufacturing processes.在美国，从大约1920

30、年开始的早期工业时代，到第二次世界大战结束后几年里，几乎没人关注处理在生产过程中作为副产品产生的废弃材料的合理方法。Up until the 1960s it was quite common to find fresh water rivers and streams fouled with waste chemicals from manufacturing, salt water from oil production wells and waste acids from steel mill activities. 直到1920年，随处可见被生产过程产生的废化学品、油井排出的盐水和炼钢

31、厂排出的废酸所污染的淡水河流和溪涧。Virtually every conceivable waste oil, solvent, or resin waste could be found in the rivers.事实上，所有能够想象到的废物如废油、溶剂、废树脂都可以在河流里面找到。The laws of the time were either non-existent or not enforced. 然而当时的相关法律要么不存在，要么是没有被实施。The literature has many examples of health problems of individuals as well as destruction of fish and wildlife habitat. 文献记载了许多关于个体的健康问题以及鱼类、野生动物栖息地被破坏的例子。Many other cases occurred that were not reported in