水利水电工程专业英语教材文档格式.docx

1、Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development 水资源开发规划 22Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库 26Lesson 9 Properties of concrete 混凝土的特性 30Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土基本概念 35Lesson 11 dams 坝 38Lesson 12 embankment dams 土坝 42Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝 46

2、Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝 51Lesson 15 spillways 溢洪道 56Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力 61Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration 入渗重要性及过程 65 Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量 68Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉法 71Lesson 20 irrigation canals 灌溉渠道 79Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水 83Le

3、sson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems 滴灌系统的应用法 . 88Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines 水轮机 92Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电 96Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量（微差水准测量） 103Lesson 26 construction and equipment 施工和设备 108Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning 水利规

4、划中工程经济 112 Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持 118Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change 地下水与气候变化 122Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价 126Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同 129Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如撰写科技论文 133Lesson

5、 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourt

6、hs of the earths surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions （原文 polar regions） are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water i

7、n the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化 合物。在水中，氧这种最丰富的化学元素与氢结合，其含量多达 89%。水覆盖了地球表面的 大约 3/4 的面积，并充满了陆地上的多裂缝。地球的两极被大量的冰所覆盖，同时大气也挟 带有占其重量0.1%2%的水蒸气。据估计，在温暖的夏日，每平英里陆地上空大气中的水量 约为 5 万吨。All life on earth depends

8、upon water, the principal ingredient of living cells. The use of water by man, plants, and animals is universal. Without it there can be no life. Every living thing requires water. Man can go nearly two months without food, but can live only three or four days without water.地球上所有的生命都有赖于水而存在，水是活细胞的基本

9、组分（要素） 。人类、植物和动 物都得用水。没有水就没有生命 。每一种生物都需要水。人可以接近两个月不吃食物而仍能 活着，但不喝水则只能活三四天。In our homes, whether in the city or in the country, water is essential for cleanliness and health. The average American family uses from 65,000 to 75,000 gallons of water per year for various household purposes.在我们的家庭中，无论是在城市还

10、是农村，水对于卫生和健康来说都是必不可少的。美 庭的年平均用水量达 6.57.5 万加仑。Water can be considered as the principal raw material and the lowest cost raw material from which most of our farm produces is made. It is essential for the growth of crops and animals and is a very important factor in the production of milk and eggs. Ani

11、mals and poultry, if constantly supplied with running water, will produce more meat, more milk, and more eggs per pound of food and per hour of labor.水可以被认为是最基本的和最廉价的原料。我们的农产品，大部分都是由它构成的。水是农作物和动物生长的要素，也是奶类和蛋类生产的一个很重要的因素。动物和家禽，如果用流动的水来喂养，那么每磅饲料和每个劳动小时会生产出更多的肉、奶和蛋。For example, apples are 87% water. Th

12、e trees on which they grow must have watered many times the weight of the fruit. Potatoes are 75% water. To grow an acre of potatoes tons of water is required. Fish are 80% water. They not only consume water but also must have large volumes of water in which to live. Milk is 88% water. To produce on

13、e quart of milk a cow requires from 3.5 to 5.5 quarts of water. Beef is 77% water. To produce a pound of beef an animal must drink many times that much water. If there is a shortage of water, there will be a decline in farm production, just as a shortage of steel will cause a decrease in the product

14、ion of automobiles.例如， 苹果含 87%的水分，苹果树就必须吸收比苹果多多倍的水分； 土豆含 75%的水分， 那么种植每英亩土豆就需要若干吨水；牛奶含水量为 88%，为了生产每夸脱牛奶，母牛需要3.55.5夸脱的水；牛肉含77%的水，为生产1磅牛肉牛必须饮用多磅水。如果缺水，就会 使农产品减产，就像缺乏钢会引起汽车产量下降一样。In addition to the direct use of water in our homes and on the farm, there are many indirect ways in which water affects our

15、lives. In manufacturing, generation of electric power, transportation, recreation, and in many other ways, water plays a very important role.水除了直接为我们的家庭和农场利用外，它还以多间接的式对我们的生活产生影响。在 制造、发电、运输、娱乐以及其他多行业，水都起着很重要的作用。Our use of water is increasing rapidly with our growing population. Already there are acut

16、e shortages of both surface and underground waters in many locations. Careless pollution and contamination of our streams, lakes, and underground sources has greatly impaired the quality of the water which we do have available. It is therefore of utmost importance for our future that good conservati

17、on and sanitary measures be practiced by everyone.我们对水的利用随人口的增长而迅速增加。在多地，无论地面水或地下水都已经重短缺 了。由于任意污染河流、湖泊和地下水源，已经大损害了人们能够利用的水的水质。因此， 人人有责对水采取保护措施和卫生措施，这对于我们人类的未来是极端重要的。Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环In nature, water is constantly changing from one state to another. The heat of the sun evaporates wate

18、r from land and water surfaces, this water vapor （a gas）, being lighter than air, rises until it reaches the cold upper air where it condenses into clouds. Clouds drift around according to the direction of the wind until they strike a colder atmosphere. At this point the water further condenses and

19、falls to the earth as rain, sleet, or snow, thus completing the hydrologic cycle.在自然界中，水总是不断地从一种状态改变成另一种状态。太阳热使陆地和水面上的水 蒸气。这些水蒸气（一种气体）由于比空气轻，会上升直至达到高空冷气层，并在那里凝结 成云。云层随风飘荡，直至遇到更冷的大气层为止。此时水便进一步冷凝，并以雨、雹或雪 的形式落到地面。这样便完成了水的循环。The complete hydrologic cycle, however, is much more complex. The atmosphere ga

20、ins water vapor by evaporation not only from the oceans but also from lakes, rivers, and other water bodies, and from moist ground surfaces. Water vapor is also gained by sublimation from snowfields and by transpiration from vegetation and trees.然而，完整的水循环要复杂得多。由于蒸发作用，大气不仅从海洋而且从湖泊、河流和 其他水体，以及从潮湿的地表面获

21、得水蒸气。也可从雪地中雪的升华和从植物与树木的蒸腾 获得水蒸气。Water precipitation may follow various routes. Much of the precipitation from the atmosphere falls directly on the oceans. Of the water that does fall over land areas, some is caught by vegetation or evaporates before reaching the ground, some is locked up in snowfiel

22、ds or ice-fields for periods ranging from a season to many thousands of years, and some is retarded by storage in reservoirs, in the ground, in chemical compounds, and in vegetation and animal life.降水可以有各种不同的途径。大部分降水都直接落到海洋。落在陆地区域的水，有些被 植物所摄取，或降至地面之前就蒸发了；有些被封冻在雪原或冰川中达一个季度乃至成千上 万年；有些则因储存在水库、土壤、化合物以及动

23、植物体而滞留下来。The water that falls on land areas may return immediately to the sea as runoff in streams and rivers or when snow melts in warmer seasons. When the water does not run off immediately it percolates into the soil. Some of this groundwater is taken up by the roots of vegetation and some of it

24、flows through the subsoil into rivers, lakes,and oceans.降到陆地区域的水可能作为溪流与江河的径流， 或在温暖季节融化的雪水直接回到海洋。 当降水不立即流走时，它会渗入土壤。这些地下水中有一些被植物的根吸收，有一些则通过 下层土壤流入河流、湖泊和海洋。Because water is absolutely necessary for sustaining life and is of great importance in industry men have tried in many ways to control the hydrolo

25、gic cycle to their own advantage. An obvious example is the storage of water behind dams in reservoirs, in climates where there are excesses and deficits of precipitation （with respect to water needs） at different times in the year. Another method is the attempt to increase or decrease natural preci

26、pitation by injecting particles of dry ice or silver iodide into clouds. This kind of weather modification has had limited success thus far, but many meteorologists believe that a significant control of precipitation can be achieved in the future.因为水对于维持生命来说绝对必要，在工业上也很重要，所以人们为了自身的利益试图 以各种式来控制水的循环。 一

27、个明显的例子就是在一年中不同的时间根据当地降水的多寡 （按 对水的需要来说）将水储存在水库中。另一种法是试图将干冰或碘化银微粒射入云层来增多 或减少天然降雨量。虽然这种改造气候（人工影响天气）的法迄今只取得了有限的成功，但 多气象学家都认为，有效地控制降水在将来是可以做到的。Other attempts to influence the hydrologic cycle include the contour plowing of sloping farmlands to slow down runoff and permit more water to percolate into the

28、ground, the construction of dikes to prevent floods and so on. The reuse of water before it returns to the sea is another common practice. Various water supply systems that obtain their water from rivers may recycle it several times （with purification） before it finally reaches the rivers mouth.其他一些

29、影响水循环的努力包括沿等高线耕作梯田，以使径流减速，让更多的水渗入地 下；建筑堤坝以防洪水等。在水回归大海之前将它重复使用，也是一种常用的法。自河道取 水的各种供水系统可将水在最终到达河口之前，经过净化，可重复使用多次。Men also attempt to predict the effects of events in the course of the hydrologic cycle. Thus, the meteorologist forecasts the amount and intensity of precipitation in a watershed, and the h

30、ydrologist forecasts the volume of runoff.人们还试图预测水循环过程中一些事件的结果。例如，气象学家预报一个流域的降雨量 和降雨强度；水文学家预报径流量等。Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学1historyThe first hydraulic project has been lost in the mists of prehistory. Perhaps some prehistoric man found that pile of rocks across a stream would raise the water level suff

31、iciently to overflow the land that was the source of his wild food plants and water them during a drought. Whatever the early history of hydraulics, abundant evidence exists to show that the builders understood little hydrology. Early Greek and Roman writings indicated that these people could accept the oceans as the ultimate source of all water but could not visualize precipitation equaling or exceeding stream-flow. Typical of the ideas of the time was a view that seawater moved underground to the base of the mountains. There a natural