英语语序从句和倒装句Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人

2、，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。二、关系副词（在从句中作状语）关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on/ . which （介词同先行词搭配）when=during/ on/ in/ . which （介词同先行词搭配）1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。2. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是

3、，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, an

4、y, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。3】.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之

5、后，作后置定语。 4】.先行词：被限制或修饰的主句的主语。5】非限定性定语从句1） 例如：This is the house which we bought last month.（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.。（非限制性）2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.My house, which I bought last year, has

6、got a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 4） 有时as也可用作关系代词由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，a

7、s和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we kno

8、w, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known, smoking is harmful to oneAs是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.5）. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物.注意介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+关系代词引导（1） The

9、school （that/which） he once studied in is very famous.（2） The school in which he once studied is very famous.（3） Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine （that/which） you asked for.（4） Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.（5） Well go to hear the famous singer （whom/that/who） we hav

10、e often talked about.（6） Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等（1） This is the watch which/that I am looking for. （T正确）（2） This is the watch for which I am looking. （F错误）2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物

11、时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose（1） The man with whom you talked is my friend. （T）（2） The man with that you talked is my friend. （F）（3） The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. （T）（4） The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. （F）3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both,

12、 all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词（1） He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.（2） In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.（3） There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.关系词关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用who ,whom 和which在

13、从句做主，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；who在从句中作主语；whom在从句中宾语；whose做定语。where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语；when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语；why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是reason有时why也可用for+which代替。先行词和关系词二合一1）Whoever spits in public will be punished here.（Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）2）The parents will use what they have to send

14、their son to technical school. （what 可以用all that代替） 其实，这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。关系代词that 的用法（1）不用that的情况（a） 在引导非限定性定语从句时。（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.（b） 介词后不能用。We depen

15、d on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.（2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况（a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。（b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。（c）先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。（

16、d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.（e）先行词既有人，又有物时。（f） 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时（g） 为了避免重复（h）先行词是the way时举例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？Who that break the window should be punished谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。Finally, the their handed everything that

17、 he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。B 名词性从句（Noun Clauses）在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它能在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在名词性从句中，连接词that既没有实际意义，又不充当任何成分，只起引导从句的作用, 引导宾语从句时经常省去。总论：引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：1. 连词：that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当

18、主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）不可省略的连词：a 介词后的连词b 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if 均为是否的意思。1）yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，

19、其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。2）选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheror not构成，例如：Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。但在下列情况下，

20、whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有or notWhether he will come is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.2.连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which.whichever,whomever3.

21、 连接副词：when, where, how, whyWh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等一、主语从句 （The Subject Clause）：在复合句中作主句的主语。为保持句子结构平衡，主语从句通常被置于句末，而用it作形式主语。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：What

22、 he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的

23、谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher. It is still unknown which team will win the match.另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“（should） +do

24、”，常用的句型有：It is necessary （important, natural, strange, etc.） that It is a pity （a shame, no wonder, etc.） that It is suggested （requested, proposed, desired, etc.） that二、宾语从句 （The Object Clause）：主要作及物动词的宾语，有时置于介词或形容词之后。用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 由连接词that引导的宾

25、语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think （that） we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your

26、job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。I insist that she （should） do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops （should） set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where,

27、 why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whe

28、ther与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c. 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试？Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether he will