1、/ /:/ / / /a:/ / /:/ /u/ /u:/ 双元音有8个/eI/ /aI/ /I/ /u/ /au/ /I/ / /u/ 6)辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。清辅音有 11个 :/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ / / /h/ /t/ /tr/ /ts/ 浊辅音有17个:/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ / / /r/ /d/ /dr/ /dz/ /m/ /n/ / / /l/ /w/ /j/ 7)开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi8)闭音节:a)
2、辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it9)重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。第二篇 语法知识梳理 第一节 词法在英语中,共有10大词类,它们是:名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。一、 名词1. 什么叫名词?名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:mother妈妈 panda熊猫 library图书馆 pencil 铅笔 wish愿望2. 名词是如何分类的?(1) 名词根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。Mr Green格林先生 the Spring Festival春节 the
3、Great Wall长城 Britain英国提示:1、人名都是专有名词 2、专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名称的词。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词,如:radio(广播),watch(手表);集体名词,如:class(班级),people(人民);物质名词,如:milk(牛奶)water(水);抽象名词,如:work(工作),health(健康)。(2)名词根据其表示的事物性质的不同,分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的,有单数和复数两种形式。a banana一只香蕉 two bananas两只香
4、蕉不可数名词表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的,不分单、复数;抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。milk 牛奶 ice 冰 idea想法 France法国有少数名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。fish鱼肉(不可数)fish鱼类(可数)chicken鸡肉(不可数)chicken小鸡(可数)3. 可数名词复数形式的构成规则是什么?(1) 名词复数形式构成的基本规则:情况变法例词一般情况加-sgirl-girls book -books以sshxch 结尾的词加-esbus-buses watch-watches以“辅音字母+ y结尾的词变y 为 i再加esfa
5、mily-falimiesstrawberry-strawberries以 f或 fe结尾的词变f 或fe 为 v再加eshalf-halves wife-wives以o结尾的词加es 或sphoto-photos piano-pinaosradio-radioszoo-zoos tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes复数形式词尾是 或 的读法如下:读法在 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ 等清辅音后/s/cakes desks cups在/s/ /z/ /t/ / /d/ 等后/iz/buses classes watches在其他情况下/z/bananas zoos
6、windows(2)需要特别记住的是英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的。Man-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice child-children sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish Chinese-Chinese4. 如何表示不可数名词的数量?(1) 不可数名词没有单、复数的区别,是不能直接以数字计算事物的名词,要表示“一”这个概念,我们可以用“a+表示数量的名词+ of+名词”的形式。 a glass of water 一杯水 a cup of tea 一杯茶(2) 如果要表达两个或两个以上的概念,表示
7、数量的名词需要用复数形式,不可数名词不变。two glasses of water 两杯水 five bags of rice 五袋大米这种形式也可以用于可数名词,但名词必须用复数形式。a basket ofapples一篮子苹果five baskets of tomatoes 五篮子西红柿5. 什么是名词所有格?名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格,意为“的”,一般在名词后加是 s。如Grandma s house 奶奶的房子 my parents car 我父母的车(1) 如果名词代表的事物是有生命的,那么其所有格有以下几种形式:分类构成方式举例普通单数名词在名词末尾加 sNancy s
8、 father 以 或 结尾的复数名词在名词末尾加 the teachers books特殊复数名词(不以 或 结尾)Children s Day表示共有关系的在最后一个名词的末尾加 sJim and Henlen s mother(两人共有一个妈妈)表示各自所有关系的在每个名词的词尾都加 sJim s and Henlen s mothers(两人各自的妈妈)表示公共场所、或住宅的名词,其所有格后面常常省略被修饰的名词。We will go to my sisters for dinner this afternoon.今天下午我们将去我姐姐家吃饭。Let s go to the barbe
9、r s. 我们去理发店吧。(2) 如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的,常与 组成短语来表示其所有格,表示前者属于后者。It s a map of China.这是一张中国地图。The name of the cartoon is Cinderella. 这部动画片的名字是灰姑娘。例题引路一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1baby 2.key 3.strawberry 4.life 5.half 6.woman 7.German 8.Japanese 答案1.babies 2.keys 3. strawberries 4.lives 5.halves 6.women 7.Germans 8. Japan
10、ese二、 翻译下列词组1.长城 2.许多羊 3.三袋大米 4.五篮子鸡蛋 5四位女教师 6.八棵苹果树 7七张老太太的照片 8.她的一个朋友 答案1 .the Great Wall 2.many/a lot of sheep 3.three bags of rice 4.five baskets of eggs 5.four women teachers 6.eight apple trees 7.seven photos of an old woman 8.a friend of hers衔接训练1.pencil-box 2.wife 3.Sunday 4.city 5.dress 6.E
11、nglishman 7.match 8.Chinese 9.exam 10.library 11.radio 12. family 13.boy 14. photo 15.tomato 16.dish 17.American 18.dictionary 三、单项选择1.My father is a .He works in a hospital.A.teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. soldier2.We need some more .Can you go and get some ,please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes
12、D. a potato3.In the picture there are many and two .A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps ;foxes C. sheeps; fox D. sheep ; foxs4.Lets meet at 7:30 outside the gate of .A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park5.There are sixty-seven in our school.A.womens teacher B. women teache
13、rs C. women teachers D. women teacher6.This shop sells apples,bananas and things like these.Its a .A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop7.September10th is in China.A.Teachers Day B. Teachers Day C. Teacher Day D .Teachers Day8.The football under the bed is .A. Su Hai and Liu Tao
14、B. Su Hais and Liu Taos C.Su Hais and Liu Tao D. Su Hai and Liu Taos9.The post office is a bit far from here. Its about .A. thirty minutess walk B. thirty minutes walk C. thirty minutes walk D. thirty minutes walk10. are big and bright.A. The classroom window B. The window of the classroom C.The cla
15、ssrooms windows D. The windows of the classroom 四、用所给名词的适当形式填空。1.Are there three (child)playing in the classroom?2.Herere two (bottle)of (milk) for you.3.Daniel always wears a pair of (glass) and he looks clever.4.We do too much (homework)every day so we have no time to play.5.Its Sunday and there a
16、re so many (people)in the street.6.You should brush your (tooth)at least twice every day.五、根据汉语提示完成句子。1. Beijing is (中国的首都)2.Im hungry. Please give me (四片面包)3.Are these(你父母的照片) ?4.I visited(长城) last year.Its really wonderful.5 (Tom和Mike 的手表)are new. They bought them last Saturday.6.You can found (一些
17、苹果树)in the garden.7. (杨玲和南希的桌子)is very clean,but (她们的椅子) are very dirty.二、动词1.动词的定义和分类动词是表示动作 或状态的一类词。动词充当谓语时,要受到主语的限制,与主语在人称和数上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能,可以分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。2.实义动词(1)实义动词的分类实义动词也叫行为动词,即表示动作的动词,能独立作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物动词是指后面可以直接跟宾语的动词;不及物动词指后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词。We have
18、 friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。Georges father lives there. 乔治的爸爸住在那儿。英语动词中有很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词,如close,begin,study,leave,work等。(3) 实义动词的基本形式有动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。3.系动词(1)系动词的定义.系动词亦称连系动词,不能单独做谓语,后面必须跟表语。(2)系动词的功能系动词的主要功能是把表语(名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句)和其主语联系在一起,以说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语。
19、(3)常见系动词My father is a policeman.You will feel better after a nights sleep.Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.He looked angry/sad/happy.The apples taste very good.有部分系动词也可以作为实义动词来使用。He looked sad at the news. (“看起来”,系动词用法)He kooked sadiy at the boy. (“看着”,实义动词用法)4.助动词(1)助动词的定义助动词是语法功能词,本身没有词义,不
20、可单独使用。He doesnt like English.(2) 助动词的功能表示时态 He is singing. He doesnt go to school on Saturday.构成疑问句 Do you like college life? Did you study English before you came here?与否定副词not 连用构成否定句I dont like playing computer games. They are not watching TV now.(3)目前学过的助动词有:be(am/is/are),do(does/did)“am/is/are+
21、现在分词”构成现在进行时态。They are having a meeting. English is becoming more and more important.do/does/did构成一般疑问句、否定句、否定祈使句。Do you want to pass the English exam?He doesnt like to study. Dont be late for school.do 也可以作实义动词,表示“做”。变否定句时必须借助dont/doesnt/didntHe does homework every day. He doesnt watch TV on school
22、 days.6. 情态动词(1) 情态动词的定义及功能情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与普通动词一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变化,其后面的实义动词要用动词原形。She can swim fast, but I cant. You must stay here until I come back.(2) 常见情态动词的用法 can表示能力,意为“会,能”。表示客观可能性或推测时,用于否定句和疑问句;She can sing English songs.It cant (不可能)be J
23、im.I saw him at school just now.Can /May(可以) I borrow your bike?may 表示许可,用于陈述句;表示正式的请求或许可,用于一般疑问句。回答may 提出的问题,肯定形式为:Yes,please./ Yes, please do./Yes,certainly./Yes,you may. 否定形式为:No,you mustnt./No, you cant./Please dont.You may go out to ply now. -May I smoke here? -Yes,you may./No you mustnt. must指
24、客观可能性或猜测时,意为“一定”;表示“应当,必须”时 ,其否定形式为mustnt 意为“禁止,不允许,千万别”。回答由must构成的一般疑问句,肯定形式为: Yes ,主语+must ;否定形式为:No,主语 +neednt/dont have to。It must (肯定)be Nancys book.Her name is on the cover.You mustnt (千万别) play football in the street.-Must I hand in my homework tomorrow?-Yes, you must. / No, you neednt/dont h
25、ave to.should 表示“应该,应当”,shouldnt表示“不应该”。You should tell your mother the truth.You shouldnt make the same mistake.一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.My father always (help)my mother with housework.2.The ships (not be)in the river now;they (be)there a moment ago.3.Our family (have)a new computer last month.4.I can (do
26、)it better than you .二、模仿例词写出所给动词的相应形式。例词:do does doing did1. write _ _ _ _2.carry _ _ _ _3.wash _ _ _ _4.meet _ _ _ _一、单项选择1.My brother_ a teacher. He _ his pupils very much.A. is ; like B. is; likes C. are; likes D. are; like 2.-How many days_there in a week?-There_seven.A. is; is B.are; is C. is;
27、 are D. are; are3.My English teacher _.A. all look young B. looks young C. look young D. all looks young4.I _busy now, but I _ free next week.A. am; am B. am; will C. am; will be D. being; will be5.May I _to Helen Brown?A. tell B. speak C. talk D. say6.Yang Ling can _clothes for the doll.A. make; B.
28、 makes C. made D. making7.She looks _because she will go to Hainan for a holiday.A. happily B. be happy C. happy D. happiness8. -_I use your pen,Dad?-Yes,you can .A. May B. Do C. Am D. Must 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. Two and six_(be) eight.2.There _(be)lots of sheep on the farm last year.3.The boy with his friends_(have)some homework every day.4.You must _(listen)to your teacher in class.5.We like _(watch)cartoons at the weekend.6.Listen! Someone _(sing
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