英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案之欧阳育创编Word文件下载.docx

1、 What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonie

2、s and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It include

3、s 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with a class-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or

4、humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people.3.A history of invasions: （1） Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but al

5、so disseminated their Catholicism. （2）However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leaderKing Arthur appeared. He created the round table to satisfy all the knights requirement of h

6、aving equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthurs a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English. （3）In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark contro

7、lled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And thats why theres a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England （4）Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of Willia

8、m of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there werent a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English un

9、ique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:接着上边一起看 （2） a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, n

10、ovelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. （3）anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings settlements the Enlish

11、heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england. （4）Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest o

12、f the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. （1） rugged. （2） not conquere

13、d by the Romans （3） maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.（4） eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military r

14、esponse from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: （1） wales was an important element in Britains industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment

15、from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. （2）Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of th

16、e union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means tha

17、t modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses - its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England.6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: 书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较 （1） English

18、 character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens. （2）The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished. They are al

19、ways eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity. Some people speak Gaelic.（3）Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that dif

20、fenece is the Welsh language - the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. （its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England）Unit 21. Why is Northern Ireland so significant in

21、the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed i

22、t with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Irelands independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority （about 51%）, the Catholic nationalist minority （about

23、38%）, as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. 因为发现实在太难sum up了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict the Troubles which was caused b

24、y divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,6 while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of Brit

25、ish rule. 网络其它版本Until 1921 the full name of the UK was The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, not only Northern Ireland, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britains domination of the Irish dated back centuries e

26、ven before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called home-ruleIrish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1

27、914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pur

28、suing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.Sum up solutions to NIs political problems o

29、f different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatchers government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRAs right to fight. Its leaders spo

30、ke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of The Bullet and the Ballot Box.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn

31、to other countries for help. 自由发挥啦Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at nat

32、ional and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the divine right of kings. For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not ex