1、#if _BYTE_ORDER = _LITTLE_ENDIAN unsigned int ip_hl:4; /* header length */ unsigned int ip_v: /* version */ #endif #if _BYTE_ORDER = _BIG_ENDIAN u_int8_t ip_tos; /* type of service */ u_short ip_len; /* total length */ u_short ip_id; /* identification */ u_short ip_off; /* fragment offset field */ #
2、define IP_RF 0x8000 /* reserved fragment flag */ #define IP_DF 0x4000 /* dont fragment flag */ #define IP_MF 0x2000 /* more fragments flag */ #define IP_OFFMASK 0x1fff /* mask for fragmenting bits */ u_int8_t ip_ttl; /* time to live */ u_int8_t ip_p; /* protocol */ u_short ip_sum; /* checksum */ str
3、uct in_addr ip_src, ip_dst; /* source and dest address */ ;其中ping程序只使用以下数据:IP报头长度IHL(Internet Header Length)以字节为一个单位来记录IP报头的长度,是上述IP数据结构的ip_hl变量。生存时间TTL(Time To Live)以秒为单位,指出IP数据报能在网络上停留的最长时间,其值由发送方设定,并在经过路由的每一个节点时减一,当该值为时,数据报将被丢弃,是上述IP数据结构的ip_ttl变量。ICMP报头格式 ICMP报文分为两种,一是错误报告报文,二是查询报文。每个ICMP报头均包含类型、
4、编码和校验和这三项内容,长度为位,位和位,其余选项则随ICMP的功能不同而不同。Ping命令只使用众多ICMP报文中的两种:请求回送(ICMP_ECHO)和请求回应(ICMP_ECHOREPLY)。在Linux中定义如下:#define ICMP_ECHO 0 #define ICMP_ECHOREPLY 8 这两种ICMP类型报头格式如下:在Linux中ICMP数据结构( )定义如下:struct icmp u_int8_t icmp_type; /* type of message, see below */ u_int8_t icmp_code; /* type sub code */
5、u_int16_t icmp_cksum; /* ones complement checksum of struct */ union u_char ih_pptr; /* ICMP_PARAMPROB */ struct in_addr ih_gwaddr; /* gateway address */ struct ih_idseq /* echo datagram */ u_int16_t icd_id;u_int16_t icd_seq; ih_idseq;u_int32_t ih_void;/* ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG - Path MTU Discovery (
6、RFC1191) */ struct ih_pmtu u_int16_t ipm_void;u_int16_t ipm_nextmtu; ih_pmtu;struct ih_rtradv u_int8_t irt_num_addrs;u_int8_t irt_wpa;u_int16_t irt_lifetime; ih_rtradv; icmp_hun;#define icmp_pptr icmp_hun.ih_pptr #define icmp_gwaddr icmp_hun.ih_gwaddr #define icmp_id icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_id #define
7、 icmp_seq icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_seq #define icmp_void icmp_hun.ih_void #define icmp_pmvoid icmp_hun.ih_pmtu.ipm_void #define icmp_nextmtu icmp_hun.ih_pmtu.ipm_nextmtu #define icmp_num_addrs icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_num_addrs #define icmp_wpa icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_wpa #define icmp_lifetime icmp_hun.ih
8、_rtradv.irt_lifetime struct u_int32_t its_otime;u_int32_t its_rtime;u_int32_t its_ttime; id_ts;struct ip idi_ip;/* options and then 64 bits of data */ id_ip;struct icmp_ra_addr id_radv;u_int32_t id_mask;u_int8_t id_data1; icmp_dun;#define icmp_otime icmp_dun.id_ts.its_otime #define icmp_rtime icmp_d
9、un.id_ts.its_rtime #define icmp_ttime icmp_dun.id_ts.its_ttime #define icmp_ip icmp_dun.id_ip.idi_ip #define icmp_radv icmp_dun.id_radv #define icmp_mask icmp_dun.id_mask #define icmp_data icmp_dun.id_data 使用宏定义令表达更简洁,其中ICMP报头为字节,数据报长度最大为64K字节。校验和算法这一算法称为网际校验和算法,把被校验的数据位进行累加,然后取反码,若数据字节长度为奇数,则数据尾部补一
10、个字节的以凑成偶数。此算法适用于IPv4、ICMPv4、IGMPV4、ICMPv6、UDP和TCP校验和,更详细的信息请参考RFC1071,校验和字段为上述ICMP数据结构的icmp_cksum变量。标识符用于唯一标识ICMP报文, 为上述ICMP数据结构的icmp_id宏所指的变量。顺序号ping命令的icmp_seq便由这里读出,代表ICMP报文的发送顺序,为上述ICMP数据结构的icmp_seq宏所指的变量。Ping命令中需要显示的信息,包括icmp_seq和ttl都已有实现的办法,但还缺rtt往返时间。为了实现这一功能,可利用ICMP数据报携带一个时间戳。使用以下函数生成时间戳:#in
11、clude int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tp,void *tzp) 其中timeval结构如下:struct timeval long tv_sec;long tv_usec; 其中tv_sec为秒数,tv_usec微秒数。在发送和接收报文时由gettimeofday分别生成两个timeval结构,两者之差即为往返时间,即ICMP报文发送与接收的时间差,而timeval结构由ICMP数据报携带,tzp指针表示时区,一般都不使用,赋NULL值。数据统计 系统自带的ping命令当它接送完所有ICMP报文后,会对所有发送和所有接收的ICMP报文进行统计,从而计算
12、ICMP报文丢失的比率。为达此目的,定义两个全局变量:接收计数器和发送计数器,用于记录ICMP报文接受和发送数目。丢失数目=发送总数-接收总数,丢失比率=丢失数目/发送总数。现给出模拟Ping程序功能的代码如下:/* * 整理:梁俊辉 * * 时间:2001年10月 * * 名称:myping.c * * 说明:本程序用于演示ping命令的实现原理 * */ #define PACKET_SIZE 4096 #define MAX_WAIT_TIME 5 #define MAX_NO_PACKETS 3 char sendpacketPACKET_SIZE;char recvpacketPAC
13、KET_SIZE;int sockfd,datalen=56;int nsend=0,nreceived=0;struct sockaddr_in dest_addr;pid_t pid;struct sockaddr_in from;struct timeval tvrecv;void statistics(int signo);unsigned short cal_chksum(unsigned short *addr,int len);int pack(int pack_no);void send_packet(void);void recv_packet(void);int unpac
14、k(char *buf,int len);void tv_sub(struct timeval *out,struct timeval *in);void statistics(int signo) printf(n-PING statistics-n);printf(%d packets transmitted, %d received , %d lostn,nsend,nreceived, (nsend-nreceived)/nsend*100);close(sockfd);exit(1);/*校验和算法*/ unsigned short cal_chksum(unsigned short
15、 *addr,int len) int nleft=len;int sum=0;unsigned short *w=addr;unsigned short answer=0;/*把ICMP报头二进制数据以2字节为单位累加起来*/ while(nleft1) sum+=*w+;nleft-=2;/*若ICMP报头为奇数个字节,会剩下最后一字节。把最后一个字节视为一个2字节数据的高字节,这个2字节数据的低字节为0,继续累加*/ if( nleft=1) *(unsigned char *)(&answer)=*(unsigned char *)w;sum+=answer;sum=(sum16)+(
16、sum&0xffff);sum+=(sum16);answer=sum;return answer;/*设置ICMP报头*/ int pack(int pack_no) int i,packsize;struct icmp *icmp;struct timeval *tval;icmp=(struct icmp*)sendpacket;icmp-icmp_type=ICMP_ECHO;icmp_code=0;icmp_cksum=0;icmp_seq=pack_no;icmp_id=pid;packsize=8+datalen;tval= (struct timeval *)icmp-icmp
17、_data;gettimeofday(tval,NULL); /*记录发送时间*/ icmp_cksum=cal_chksum( (unsigned short *)icmp,packsize); /*校验算法*/ return packsize;/*发送三个ICMP报文*/ void send_packet() int packetsize;while( nsend nsend+;packetsize=pack(nsend); /*设置ICMP报头*/ if( sendto(sockfd,sendpacket,packetsize,0, (struct sockaddr *)&dest_ad
18、dr,sizeof(dest_addr) )0 ) perror(sendto errorcontinue;sleep(1); /*每隔一秒发送一个ICMP报文*/ /*接收所有ICMP报文*/ void recv_packet() int n,fromlen;extern int errno;signal(SIGALRM,statistics);fromlen=sizeof(from);while( nreceived alarm(MAX_WAIT_TIME);if( (n=recvfrom(sockfd,recvpacket,sizeof(recvpacket),0, from,&from
19、len) ip_hl2; /*求ip报头长度,即ip报头的长度标志乘4*/ icmp=(struct icmp *)(buf+iphdrlen); /*越过ip报头,指向ICMP报头*/ len-=iphdrlen; /*ICMP报头及ICMP数据报的总长度*/ if( lenicmp_type=ICMP_ECHOREPLY) & (icmp-icmp_id=pid) ) tvsend=(struct timeval *)icmp-tv_sub(&tvrecv,tvsend); /*接收和发送的时间差*/ rtt=tvrecv.tv_sec*1000+tvrecv.tv_usec/1000;
20、/*以毫秒为单位计算rtt*/ /*显示相关信息*/ %d byte from %s: icmp_seq=%u ttl=%d rtt=%.3f msn, len, inet_ntoa(from.sin_addr), icmp_seq, ip-ip_ttl, rtt);else return -1;main(int argc,char *argv) struct hostent *host;struct protoent *protocol;unsigned long inaddr=0l;int waittime=MAX_WAIT_TIME;int size=50*1024;if(argcp_proto) )h_addr,host-h_length);
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