新概念二46课知识点整理Word格式文档下载.docx

1、现在完成时1. 现在完成时的定义：现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。2.现在完成时用法:（a）：表示过去发生的动作或事情，对现在造成的影响。（b）：表示从过去开始发生的动作持续到现在，有可能马上结束，但也有可能继续下去。（c）：现在完成时的动词必须具有可持续性，至少是能重复一次以上的动作。3. 句型构成基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词（V-ed）+宾语（或者其他） 例：I have just had breakfast.

2、我刚吃完早饭。否定句：主语+have not/has not+动词的过去分词（V-ed）+宾语.I havent had breakfast. 我还没吃早饭。一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词（V-ed）+宾语（或者其他）?Have you just had breakfast? 你刚吃完早饭吗？特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）How long have you lived here? 你住在这儿多久了？4.用法要点（a）. 现在完成时不能单独与准确时间状语连用，（如表示过去的时间状语）如：yesterday（morning、afte

3、rnoon）,last（morning、afternoon）等，除非与for, since（自从）连用（b）. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, already（肯定，句中），yet（否定，疑问，句末），just, before, recently, still, lately, never等：I havent seen much of him recently （lately）.我已经很久没有看到他（最近的）。We have seen that film before.我们以前已经看过那部电影了。Have they found the missing child yet?他们找

4、到失踪的孩子了吗？（c）. 现在完成时态经常与表示频度的时间状语连用，often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等Have you ever been to Beijing?你以前去过北京吗？I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.我从来没有听到Bunny说她的坏话。I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.这支钢笔我只用过三次。它仍然是好的。George has met that gentle

5、man on several occasions.乔治已经在好几个场合见过那个先生几次。（d）. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等Peter has written six papers so far.彼得写了六篇论文，到目前为止。There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.今年以来旧金山

6、雨水太多。The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.我们两国之间的友好合作关系在近几年得到了提高。Up to the present everything has been successful.到现在为止一切都是成功的。 教材全解1. I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. 我刚刚收到弟弟蒂姆的来信。（a）. have just received 现在完成时的结

7、构just是用于现在完成时的时间状语注意：just now = a moment ago 一般过去时的时间状语（b）. receive a letter from sb. 收到某人的来信 = get a letter from sb. = have a letter from sb. = hear from sb.拓展：receivev. 接受，收到（客观） / accept：同意接收（主观）This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy, but I didnt accept it.今天早上我收到一束小男孩的花，但是我没接受。（c）

8、. my brother和Tim为同位语关系，互为补充说明的作用2. He has been there for six months. 他在那儿已经住六个月了。解析：划线部分为for six months （对划线部分提问）Howlonghas he been there?现在完成时have / has done 结构中的 have / has相当于助词的用法，因此不需要借助助动词do/ does/ did3. Tim is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places

9、 in Australia.蒂姆正为一家大公司工作，并且已经去过澳大利亚的不同地方了。（a）. is working for 现在进行时可以表示现阶段的情况（b）. firmn. 商行，公司 （company公司） adj.（ not loose） 稳固的I have fixed that knob. It is firm now. adj.（ not doubtful ） 无疑的He gave me a firm refusal. 他断然拒绝。 adj. 严格的，坚定的：I came to a firm decision and I will not change my mind.You m

10、ust be very firm with that child.（c）. has already visited 现在完成时结构，其中already常用于现在完成时的肯定句中，表示已经（d）. a great number of different placesdifferent adj. 不同的 be different from 和不同n. difference 差异There are some differences between these two countries.the number of /a number of这两个词组不同之处，就在于其前的冠词上1）the number

11、 of表示“的数量”。作主语的中心词时，谓语动词用单数形式，后常跟large, small等词作表语。The number of the students is very large in our school. 我们学校的学生数量非常大。The number of the students in our school is2000.我校的学生人数是两千。2）a number of 的数量，相当于many或a lot of，number前可以加small, large词来表示程度, a number of+复数可数名词作主语时，其谓语动词用复数形式。A number of the studen

12、ts are playing football. 许多学生在踢足球。4. He has gone to Alice Springs. 他现在去了埃利斯斯普林斯 简单辨析：have/has been to 去过（已经回来）have/has gone to 去了（还没回来）have/has been in +地点He has been to Beijing three times.他去过北京三次了Have you been to Paris? 你去过巴黎吗？ My father has gone to Canada and he will come back in six days. 我爸爸去加拿

13、大了，六天后回来。He has been in America for two years. 他已经在美国两年了。5. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding thistrip very exciting.我弟弟以前从未出过国，因此，他觉得这次旅行非常激动人心。（a）. has never been abroad before 现在完成时结构，其中never和before可用于完成时中。abroad adv. （副词） 在国外，到国外go abroad 去国外 live abroad 住在国外study abroad

14、在国外学习（b）. excitingadj. 令人兴奋的 / excited: 感到激动的excite: v. 激动 其宾语一定是人 The news excited me.-ed: interested/ amused/ surprised/ amazed/ astonished （自己感到）-ing: interesting/ amusing/ surprising/ amazing/ astonishing（令人感到）（c）.find + n.+ adj. 觉得怎么样 即find +宾语+形容词做宾补 find the room clean find her happy Lesson 5

15、 No wrong numbers 无错号之虞pigeon n. 鸽子message n. 信息cover v. 越过distance n. 距离 request n. 要求，请求spare part n. 备件service n. 服务garage n. 车库，小工厂urgent adj. 紧急的from one garage to the other. 从一个汽车修理部到另一个 cover the distance 越过全程，越过这段距离get a telephone for 为搞到（安装）一部电话request for. 要求，请求up to now 到目前为止in this way 就

16、这样，通过这种方式urgent messages 紧急函件/信息6. The bird covered the distance in three minutes.7. In this way, he has begun his own private telephone service.8. Up to now/ up till now, Mr. Scott has sent many requests.9. Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message fromto.10. Now he has just bought another gara

17、ge in Pinhurst. 一般过去时和现在完成时比较过去时与现在完成时 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once, before, already, recentl

18、y, lately 现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不确定的时间状语 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例：I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的

19、动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续） He has been a League member for th

20、ree years. （是团员的状态可持续） He joined the League three years ago. （ 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对

21、）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 教材全解6. Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another in Pinhurst. 詹姆斯. 斯科特先生在锡尔伯里有一个汽车修理部，现在他刚在平赫斯特买了另一个汽车修理部。（a）. have just bought 现在完成时的结构（b）. oneanother （众多之中的另一个） Please bring me another chair. 请再给我拿把椅子。one. the other （两

22、者中的另一个） I have two pens. One is red, and the other is black.7. Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. 昨天，一只鸽子把第一封信从平赫斯特带到锡尔伯里。（a）. carry:带着，携带I carried my son. I carry the bag.（b）. fromto. 从到The shop is open from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.商店营业时间从早上8点到下午5点。It is five miles from

23、 my home to school.从家到学校有5英里。（c）.辨析： message, advice, information, news易混词 辨 析 例 句messagen. （口头或书面的）信息，口信，为可数名词leave sb. a message:给.留便条Ill leave you a message.我会给你留便条的。take a message for sb.替.捎口信Can you take a message for me?advicen. 建议，忠告，为不可数名词a piece of advice 一条建议some advice 一些建议take/ follow on

24、es advice 采取/听从某人的建议informat-ionn. 信息，为不可数名词He got some information from the Internet.要表明数量时，这么搭配：a piece of information.一条信息 two pieces of information两条信息newsn. 新闻，消息，为不可数名词Journalists report news that comes from our daily lives.记者报导的新闻来自我们的日常生活。three pieces of news 三则消息 about the sports meeting ma

25、ke us excited.A. News B. Information C. Messages D. Advice本题中由 “make” us excited可知，主语应为复数名词，A, B, D三个选项为不可数名词，故选C.8. The bird covered the distance in three minutes.这只鸟只用了三分钟就飞完了全程。（a）. coverv. 1）越过，行过（距离），走过 cover+距离：越过cover the distanceHe covered sixty miles this morning. 他今天上午走了60英里。v. 2）cover:盖,覆

26、盖Snow covered the whole village. 大雪覆盖了整个村庄。She covered this child with a coat. 她给孩子盖了一件外衣。n. 3）. 覆盖物，盖子，罩子，（书的）封面等Put a cover on the box. （b）. distancen. 距离 keep distance 保持距离distant:（adj.） 远距离的importance: （n.）重要important: （adj.）重要的difference: （n.） 差异different: （adj.）不同9. Up to now, Mr. Scott has se

27、nt a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. 到目前为止，斯科特先生从个汽车修理部向另一个发送了大量索取备件的信件和其他紧急函件。（a）. up to now = up till now = so far迄今为止，到目前为止，（一般与现在完成时连用）（b）.requestn. 要求，请求request for: 对.有请求，有需求I have a request for the cake.v. 要求，请求 request sb. to do sth

28、. 要求某人做某事ask sb. to do sth.you are required/asked to do.（对人要求习惯用被动语态）（c）. spare part备件spare: 1）adj. 备用的，多余的，空闲的，剩下的in ones spare time = in ones free timeYou can sleep in the spare bedroom.你可以在客房睡（剩下的房间）。I have no spare time now. 我现在没有空闲时间。2） v. 抽出（时间）等，让给I have no time to spare.I cant spare the time.我抽不出时间。3） v. 饶恕，赦免