完整word版公共管理导论要点总结最终完整版Word格式.docx

1、= 以市场为基础的公共行政（market-based public administration）= 后官僚制典范（post-bureaucratic paradigm）=企业化政府（entrepreneurial government）二、行政与管理的区别 Differences between administration and management行政从本质上是指执行指令和服务；而管理则指：（1）实现结果；（2）管理者实现结果的个人责任。Administration essentially involves following instructions and service, whi

2、le management involves: first, the achievement of results, and secondly, personal responsibility by the manager for results being achieved.三、变革的紧迫问题 Imperatives of change对公共部门的抨击The attack on the public sector. 经济理论的变革：公共选择理论；委托代理理论；交易成本理论Changes in economic theory: Public choice theory, Principal/a

3、gent theory, Transaction cost theory私营部门的变革The impact of changes in the private sector.技术变革Changes in technology.第二章传统的公共行政模式The traditional model of public administration1诺思科特特里维廉报告标志着公共部门以功绩制为基础的任命制度的开始和恩赐制的逐步衰落。该报告强调人事问题，虽然它的建议推行的较慢，但是它确实代表了传统的公共行政模式的产生。通过考试择优录用、行政中立、不受任何党派控制等原则都来源于诺思科特特里维廉报告。Nor

4、thcote-Trevelyan signals the start of merit-based appointments to the public service and the gradual decline of patronage. The Report emphasizes personnel matters and its recommendations were implemented slowly, but it does represent a beginning to the traditional model of public administration. Fro

5、m Northcote-Trevelyan derive appointment by merit through examinations, and non-partisan, neutral administration.2. 文官法案（the Civil Service Act）的名词解释（1）根据职位分类，为所有申请公职者举行竞争性考试；（2）根据职位分类，任命考试成绩最高者担任公职；（3）在正式任命前，插入一个有效的试用期；（4）在华盛顿的任命按照某些州和其他重要地区的人口比例进行分配。The holding of competitive examinations for all a

6、pplicants to the classified service.The making of appointments to the classified service from those graded highest in the examinations.The interposition of an effective probationary period before absolute appointment.The apportionment of appointments at Washington according to the population of the

7、several states and other major areas.3政治与行政二分法的名词解释官员应当负责制定政策，行政部门则应负责执行政策。Wilson put forth the view that politicians should be responsible for making policy, while the administration would be responsible for carrying it out. 4. 韦伯的官僚制理论1）固定和法定的管辖范围的原则，一般是通过各种规则法律或行政规章来加以规定。2）公职等级制和权力等级化原则，这意味着一种稳定而

8、有序的上下级制度，在这种制度中，较低职位受到较高职位的监督。3）现代公职管理是建立在保留书面文件（“档案”）的基础之上。4）公职管理，至少是所有专门化的公职管理而这种管理显然是现代的通常以全面而熟练的训练为先决条件。5）当公职得到充分发展的时候，官方活动要求官员完全发挥其工作能力6）公职管理应遵循一般性规定，这些规定或多或少是稳定的、全面的，并且是可学习的。The principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by rules, that is by laws or admin

9、istrative regulations.The principles of office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority mean a firmly ordered system of super-and sub-ordination in which there is a supervision of the lower offices by the higher ones.The management of the modern office is based upon written documents which are pr

10、eserved.Office management, at least all specialized office management and such management is distinctly modern usually presupposes thorough and expert training.When the office is fully developed, official activity demands the full working capacity of the official.The management of the office follows

11、 general rules, which are more or less stable, more or less exhaustive, and which can be learned.5.泰勒的科学管理 决定工作标准的时间和动作研究刺激性工资制度改变职能组织Time-and-motion studies to decide a standard for workingA wage-incentive system that was a modification of the piecework method already in existenceChanging the funct

12、ional organization第三章新公共管理Public management 一、一般管理的职能Functions of general managementSTRATEGY战略职能（首要职能）1）Establishing objectives and priorities确定组织的目标和重点2）Devising operational plans to achieve these objectives设计操作计划以实现既定目标MANAGING INTENAL COMPONENTS 管理内部构成要素3）Organizing and staffing人员组织和调配4）Directing

13、 personnel and the personnel management system人事指挥和人事管理制度5）Controlling performance 控制绩效MANAGING EXTERNAL CONSTITUENCIES管理的外部要素6）Dealing with external units处理和组织的“外部单位”7）Dealing with independent organizations处理与其他独立组织的关系8）Dealing with the press and public处理与新闻媒体和公众的关系二、管理方法的产生富尔顿报告的名词解释 the Fulton Re

14、port（1）在政治指导下制定政策；（2）创立政策执行的“机构”；（3）行政机构的运转；（4）对议会和公众负责。Formulation of policy under political directioncreating the “machinery” for implementation of policyoperation of the administrative machineaccountability to Parliament and the Public1978年文官改革法的目标是使管理者对结果负有更大的责任。它的内容包括中层管理者的绩效工资和设定“高级行政职务”以在高层形成

15、一个精英团体。虽然其关注的焦点在于人事问题，但是其意图却在于改进似乎已滞后于私营部门管理的公共部门管理。The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 aimed at giving managers greater responsibility for results. It included merit pay for middle management and the establishment of a Senior Executive Service to form an elite group at the top. Although focused on

16、 personnel, it was an attempt to improve management in the public sector, which seemed to lag behind the private sector. 三、新公共管理改革新公共管理涉及的主要论点（欧文休斯的公共管理理论）1）A strategic approach一种战略方法2）Management not administration管理而非行政3）A focus on results关注结果4）Improved financial management改善财政管理5）Flexibility in st

17、affing人员的弹性6）Flexibility in organization组织的弹性7）A shift to greater competition转向更激烈的竞争8）The new contractualism 新合同主义9）A stress on private sector styles of management practice对私营部门管理实践方式的重视10）Relationships with politicians与政治官员的关系11）Relationships with the public与公众的关系12）Separation of purchaser and pro

18、vider购买者与提供者的分离13）Re-examining what government does重新检视政府的所作所为第四章 政府的角色The role of government一、公共部门与私营部门的不同 Differences between private and public management1.公共部门的决策可以是强制性的，而私营部门不具备这一特征。2.公共有不同与私营的责任制形式。3.公共服务管理者必须解决在很大程度上有政治领导人设定的外部议程。4.公共部门在测量产出或生产效率方面有其固有的困难。5.公共部门的规模和问题的多样性使得任何控制和协调都很困难。First,

19、in a way not characteristic of the private sector, public sector decisions may be coercive. Secondly, the public sector has different forms of accountability from the private sector.Thirdly, the public service manager must cope with an outside agenda largely set by the political leadership. Fourthly

20、, the public sector has inherent difficulties in measuring output or efficiency in production.Finally, the public sectors sheer size and diversity make any control or coordination difficult.二、“政府”与“治理”Government and governance所谓治理，我们指的是过程与制度既包括正式的也包括非正式的它们指引和限制一个团体的集体活动。而政府则是依据权威行事并创设正式义务的组织的集合。治理并不

21、必然专门由政府来操纵。By governance, we mean the processes and institutions, both formal and informal, that guide and restrain the collective activities of a group. Government is the subset that acts with authority and creates formal obligations. Governance need not necessarily be conducted exclusively by gove

22、rnments. 三、作为公共政策基础的市场失灵 Market failure as the basis for public policy1.公共物品 public goods2.外部性 externalities3.自然垄断 natural monopoly4.信息不对称 imperfect information四、政府工具 Instruments of government1.供应，即政府通过财政预算提供商品与服务；2.补贴，这实际上是供应的一种补充手段，是指政府通过资助私人经济领域的某些个人以生产政府所需的商品或服务；3.生产，是指政府生产在市场上出售的商品和服务；4.管制，是指政府

23、运用国家的强制性权力允许或禁止私人经济领域的某些活动。Provision, where the government provides goods or services through the government budget.Subsidy, which is really a sub-category of provision and is where the government assists someone in the private economy to provide government-desired goods or servicesProduction, where

24、 governments produce goods and services for sale in the marketRegulation, which involves using the coercive powers of the state to allow or prohibit certain activities in the private economy.五、政府干预的阶段 Phrases of government intervention1.自由放任的社会The laissez-faire society 2.福利国家的产生The rise of the welfa

25、re state3.新古典主义 Neoclassicism 个性假设理论 The assumption of individual rationality精心构筑基于上述假定的模型The elaboration of models from this assumption市场角色最大化A maximum role for market forces政府角色最小化A minimum role for government4.政府的回归 Government makes a comeback六、政府的基本职能 Basic functions of government世界银行在其1997年的世界发

26、展报告中指出，“每一个政府的核心使命”包含了五种基本的角色。这些角色是：（1）确立法律基础；（2）保持一个健康的政策环境，包括保持宏观经济的稳定；（3）投资于基本的社会服务和社会基础设施；（4）保护弱势群体；（5）保护环境。Establishing a foundation of lawMaintaining a non-distortionary policy environment, including macroeconomic stabilityInvesting in basic social services and infrastructure Protecting the vu

27、lnerableProtecting the environment第五章 公共企业 Public enterprise一、建立公共企业的理由Reasons for establishing public enterprise纠正市场失灵改变经济中的支付结构推动中央集权的长期计划经济性质由资本主义转为社会主义To correct market failureTo alter the structure of pay-offs in an economyTo facilitate centralized long-term economic planning To change the natu

28、re of the economy, from capitalist to socialist二、公共企业 Public enterprise公共企业的定义公共企业是一种特殊的法人机构：它向公众大规模地出售商品和服务，赢利首先归其自身所有。A public enterprise is a particular kind of statutory authority: one that sells goods and services to the public on a large scale, with the financial returns accruing in the first instance to the authority itself.公共企业的类型1.公用事业 public utilities 2.