外文翻译原文旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力罗马尼亚的案例Word下载.docx

1、 Since the beginning of the 1990s Romania has experienced major changes in its tourism exports volume growth rate and structure These disparate uc- tuations have all inuenced the relative competitive position of Romania on the international tourism market and have been associated with changes in its

2、 tourism trade balance In the same time the new and more heterogeneous Euro- pean architecture has induced signicant changes in Romanias regional tourism competitiveness Against this background the paper attempts to suggest a framework for assessing the international competitiveness of Romanias tour

3、ism services trade by focusing on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance To this end the rst part starts by introducing the concept of international competitiveness and by presenting evaluating and systematizing key issues of the complex analysis on international comp

4、etitiveness The paper subsequently consid- ers the relationship between export performance and international competitiveness as well as its relevance for international tourism The second part includes a macro overview of the tourism sector focusing specically on its importance to the econ- omy The t

5、hird part of the paper sets out in detail the framework for calculating the proposed measures of competitiveness and shows the importance of the method- ological approach in interpreting the information provided by these indicators It also illustrates the recent performance of Romanian tourism based

6、 on an integrated A Bobirca B Faculty of International Business and Economics Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest Romania e-mail AnaBobircacom Matias et al eds Advances in Tourism Economics 189 DOI 101007978-3-7908-2124-6_12 C Physica-Verlag Heidelberg 2009 190 A Bobirca and C Cristureanu measure

7、of international trade competitiveness The paper concludes by explaining the competitive position of Romania on the European tourism market and by identifying research issues that require further study 122 Perspectives on International Competitiveness The Relationship Between Export Performance and

8、International Competitiveness and its Relevance for International Tourism The concept of international competitiveness although controversial and elusive has gained acceptance and continues to attract the attention of both academics and policymakers worldwide Most measures of international competiti

9、veness that have so far been considered were undertaken at the economy-wide level Garelli 2003 and generally refer to the ability of a country to produce goods and services that meet the test of international markets while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real income of its citizens Euro

10、pean Commission 2007 Because competitiveness ultimately depends upon rms in a country competing successfully on the domestic and international markets attention has focused on competitiveness at the rm level Porter 1990 where it is generally understood to refer to the ability of the rm to retain and

11、 better still enlarge its global market share increase its prots and expand Clark and Guy 1998 OECD 1993 According to traditional economic theory a rm can gain competitive advan- tage through comparative cost of production by for example reducing labor cost However recent research suggests that non-

12、price factors are equally important deter- minants of competitiveness The range of non-price factors is diverse and includes human resource endowment such as skills technical factors such as research and development capabilities and the ability to innovate managerial and organizational factors both

13、internal to the rm and externally organized through relationships with other bodies customers suppliers public and private research institutes and other rms Clark and Guy 1998 Fagerberg 1986 Together these factors deter- mine the ability of the rm to compete successfully in international markets on

14、the background of changing technological economic and social environments Export performance and the ability of the rm to maintain its market share remain the ultimate indicators of international competitiveness Consequently although widely proclaimed the theoretical bases of international competiti

15、veness as it relates to national economies and their international trade have been less analyzed in academic literature Thus the nature benets and constraints on a nation of being internationally competitive remain ambiguous Coldwell 2000 Krugman 1994 1996 International competitiveness within the co

16、ntext of trade in goods and services refers to a nation securing and maintaining a trade advantage vis-vis the rest of the world 12 Evidence from Romania 191 International competitiveness is advanced whenever the economic welfare of a nation is enhanced through an increase in the ow of trade or thro

17、ugh an alteration in the conditions of trade starting from a presumed initial equilibrium Coldwell 2000 Trade theory asserts that economic welfare is dependent on the production of goods and services that a country has comparative advantage in This in effect means that international competitiveness

18、is secured when production is in line with a countrys comparative advantage situation If countries perform well internationally and compete successfully for export markets this could be a sign of their sound international competitiveness Therefore at the international level competitiveness can be de

19、ned as the ability of an economy to attract the demand for its exports and the investment to supply that demand all within social norms that result in an improved standard of living for its citizens This in turn depends on the macro and microeconomic policies regulations and institutions that affect

20、 the productivity of the economys factors of production and the costs of doing business A review of available literature and empirical evidences supports the notion that international competitiveness can be explained to some extent by a countrys abil- ity to export Dollar and Wolff 1993 Fagerberg et

21、 al 2004 There is in fact a self-recurring relationship between export performance and international compet- itiveness Exports are the rst level of international competitiveness afrmation The improvement in export performance leads to an increase in a countrys com- petitiveness This effect is a resu

22、lt of enterprises skills knowledge propensity to innovate and use new technology ability to exploit technological opportunities in a successfully commercial way etc On the other hand in striving to achieve successful exports in highly competi- tive global markets a country is forced to improve its c

23、ompetitiveness The more competitive a country is the more economically powerful it is Consequently it is more capable to compete on the global market to attract people with higher level of knowledge skills to buy new technologies etc and to improve its export perfor- mance as well as to achieve bett

24、er export results This can in turn favor additional innovations and trigger an improvement in its competitiveness Consequently export performance and competitiveness should not be considered in isolation since they are mutually interdependent However competitiveness should not be equated only with a

25、 countrys ability to export The evolution of export market shares is also an important element of trade competitiveness while the latter is just a component of a nations competitiveness dened by the European Declaration of Lisbon as the capacity to improve and raise the standard of living of its hab

26、itants by providing more and higher quality employ- ment and a greater social cohesion The gains or losses of world market shares by individual countries are often considered as an index of their trade competitiveness However market share growth depends also on structural factors Due to changes in d

27、emand a countrys geographical and sectoral specialization at the beginning of a period is an important factor shaping future market share growth Similarly the countrys ability to adapt its exports to such changes will also affect the nal outcome 192 A Bobirca and C Cristureanu Furthermore the concep

28、t of international competitiveness in tourism services also encompasses qualitative factors that are difcult to quantify the quality of services involved the degree of specialization the capacity for technological inno- vation the quality of human resources Rubalcaba and Cuadrado 2001 are factors th

29、at may inuence a countrys tourism trade performance favorably Likewise high rates of productivity growth are often sought as a way of strengthening competi- tiveness But it is not necessarily the case that favorable structural factors of this sort will give rise to increased sales on foreign markets

30、 They may instead show up as improving terms of trade brought about through exchange-rate appreciation while leaving export performance broadly unchanged It is for this reason as well as because these factors are hard to measure in quantitative terms that consideration here is conned to a more specic and integrated method for determining Romanias relative competitive position in international tourism