英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释Word下载.docx

1、 Prosody （韵律）-the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language. Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed. Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllabl

2、es. eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /bright In the /forest /of the/ night, What im/mortal /hand or /eye Could frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? -W. BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect. eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea, The Pl

3、oughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. -Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting.Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.b. Meter or measure （格律） poem

4、-stanza/strophe-line/verse-foot-arsis + thesis; Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed and unstressed syllables.Four common meters: a） Iambus; the iambic foot （抑扬格） eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the night Of cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies; And all/ thats best /of dark/ an

5、d bright Meet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. -Byronb） Trochee; the trochaic foot（扬抑格） eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love, Love that/ never/ told can/ be. -Blakec） Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格） eg. Cannon to/ right of them, Cannon to/ left of them. Cannon in/ front of them, Volleyd and/ thunderd.

6、 -Tennysond） Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格） eg. Break,/ break, /break, On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea! And I would /that my tongue/ could utter The thought/ that arise /in me. -Tennysonc） Other meters Amphibrach, the amphibrachic foot （抑扬抑格）； Spondee, the spondaic foot（扬扬格）； Pyrrhic, the pyrrh

7、ic foot （抑抑格）；d） Actalectic foot （完整音步） and Cactalectic foot（不完整音步） eg. Rich the / treasure, Sweet the / pleasure. （actalectic foot） Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright, In the/ forest/ of the/ night. （cactalectic foot ）e） Types of foot monometer（一音步） dimeter（二音步） trimeter（三音步） tetrameter（四音步） pentamete

8、r（五音步） hexameter（六音步） heptameter（七音步） octameter（八音步） We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambic pentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number of foot and meter are taken together in a poem.C. Rhyme When two or more words or phrases contain an identical or similar vowel sound, usu

9、ally stressed, and the consonant sounds that follow the vowel sound are identical and preceded by different consonants, a rhyme occurs. It can roughly be divided into two types: internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhyme a） alliteration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vo

10、wel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables. eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free. -Coleridge I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance, Among my skinning swallows. -Tennyson Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade, He bravely

11、broached his boiling bloody breast. -Shakespeare “Consonant cluster” （辅音连缀） “internal or hidden alliteration” （暗头韵） as in “Here in the long unlovely street” （Tennyson） The Scian & the Teian muse, The heros harp, the loves lute, Have found the fame your shores refuse. -Byronb） Assonance （腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音）

12、：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds. eg. Do not go gentle into that night Old age should burn and rave at close of day. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Because their words ha

13、ve forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that night.c） Consonance （假韵）: the repetition of the ending consonant sounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line. eg. At once a voice arose among The bleak twigs overhead In a full-hearted evensong Of joy illimited. -Hardy

14、End rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identical stressed syllables. a） Perfect rhyme Perfect rhyme （in two or more words） occurs in the following three conditions: identical stressed vowel sounds （lie-high, stay-play）; the same consonants after the identical stressed vowels （park-lark, fate-

15、late）; different consonants preceding the stressed vowels （first burst）; followswallow （perfect rhyme）b） imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different. eg. fernbird, fazelate, likerightc） Masculine and feminin

16、e rhyme eg. Sometimes when Im lonely, Dont know why, Keep thinking I wont be lonely By and by. -Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seemd a vision; I would neer have striven -ShelleyRhyme scheme （韵式）a） Running rhyme scheme （连续韵） two neig

17、hbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd: eg. Tiger, tiger, burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire?b） Alternating

18、rhyme scheme （交叉韵） rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d: eg. Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summers lease hath all too short a date:c） enclosing rhyme scheme （首尾韵） In a quatrain, the first and th

19、e last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a: eg. When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; -W. B. YeatsD. Form of poetry （ stanzaic form） a） c

20、ouplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes: eg. A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring. b） heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter: eg. O could I flow like thee, and make thy stream My great example, as it is my theme: -Denham Th

21、en share thy pain, allow that sad relief; Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief. -Popec） Triplet / tercet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymed eg. He clasps the crags with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands, Ringed with the azure world, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneat

22、h him crawls: He watches from his mountains walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls.d） quatrain: a stanza of four lines rhymed or unrhymed. eg. O my luve is like a red, red rose, Thats newly sprung in June; O my luve is like the melodie Thats sweetly playd in tune. As fair art thou, my bonie lass, So

23、 deep in luve am I; And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry. -Burnse） Sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of 14 lines that are characteristically in iambic pentameter: The Petrarchan / Italian sonnet （Francesco Petrarch）: two parts: octave, asking question,

24、presenting a problem, or expressing an emotional tension rhyming abba abba; while the sestet, solving the problem rhyming cde cde, cde cde, or cd cd cd. Shakespearean / English sonnet: arranged usually into three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The first quatrain introduces a sub

25、ject, the second expands, and once more in the third, and concludes in the couplet. Spenserian sonnet: three quatrains and a couplet rhymingabab bcbc cdcd ee;Miltonic sonnet: simply an ltalian sonnet that eliminates thepause between the octave and sestet.f） Blank verse: the unrhymed iambic pentamete

26、r eg. To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;g） Free verse: poetry that is based on irregular rhythmic cadence of the recurr

27、ence, with variations, of phrases, images and syntactical patterns rather than the conventional use of meter.eg. Days What are days for? Days are where we live. They come, they wake us Time and time over. They are to be happy in Where can we live but days? Ah, solving that question Bring the priest

28、and doctor In their long coats Running over the fields. -Philip Larkin semantic system of English poetrya. The meaning of poetry Poetry is “the one permissible way of saying one thing and meaning another”. （Frost） The meaning of a poem usually consists of three levels, that is, the literal （the lowest）, the sensory （the medium） and the emotional （the highest）. b. Image-the soul of the meaning in poetry a） Definition: “language that evokes a physical sensation produced by one or more of the five senses- sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.” （Kirszner and Mandell） A literal an