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1、 Form; Situation3、 Stylistic analysis: is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text （what is peculiar to the use of language in a given text for delivering the message）. This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse. Stylist

2、icians may also wish to characterize the style of a given text by systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another. Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity which is highly comparative in nature.Practice 5. Analyze the following text.Policeman: Whats

3、your name, boy?Black psychiatrist: Dr. Poussiant. Im a physician. Whats your first name, boy? Alvin. The word boy may be used to address a male inferior. In above conversation, the form is used to address a physician, who is usually accorded high respect in the US and is addressed as Dr. So-and-so （

4、Title + Surname）. Insistently using the form boy, the white policeman shows his racist contempt of and prejudice against the black people.4、 Linguistic description: refers to the exploration and classification of linguistic features of a given text.每个category下面的各个分类（1） The Phonology Category: Phonol

5、ogy here is used to refer to the system of speech sounds in a language.（2） The Lexical Category: Lexis is used here to refer to the choice of words.（3） The Syntactic/Grammatical /Category: Syntax is used here to refer to rules for ordering and connecting words into sentences.（4） Semantic Category: S

6、emantics is used here to refer to the meaning of words, expressions, etc. and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to the addressee.Procedure of linguistic description1） Work systematically through the text and note down points we feel of some stylistic significance respectively

7、under the various headings.2） Quantify the frequency of a linguistic feature. 3） Assess the importance of stylistic features. 4） Make statements about the overall linguistic picture of the text in question, bringing together diverse features to show how they form a coherent, integrated pattern, and

8、making judgments about or interpreting the significance of such patterns in relation to the context of the text as a whole.5、（1）Text: A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms a unified whole. A text is then a semantic unit, a unit not only of form, but also of meaning

9、. A text is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not. Cohesive devices:Implicit connectivityExplicit connectivity1） Transitional words/phrases2） Grammatical deviceEllipsis Substitution Coreference3） Lexical reiteration材料Examine the following conversation, find out

10、whether linguistic units in it are overtly cohesive or not.A: See who that is. B: Im in pyjamas. OK. Linguistic units in the conversation are not overtly cohesive. In this text, the relevance of Bs remark to As first remark is conveyed by pragmatic implication. “Im in pyjamas” implies an excuse for

11、not complying with As command （= “No, I cant, because Im in pyjamas.”） As second remark implies that he accepts Bs excuse and undertakes to do himself what he originally asked B to do （= OK. Ill go myself and see.” Texts are therefore recognized as appropriately coherent in actual use. A full unders

12、tanding of a text is often impossible without reference to the context in which it occurs.（2）Context: Context refers to all elements of a communicative situation. （One is “linguistic context”, referring to the linguistic units preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text. The ot

13、her is “extra-linguistic context” or “context of situation”, referring to the relevant features of the situation in which a text has meaning. ）Contextual factors:Field of discourse（语场）：the institutional setting, private or public, in which a piece of language occurs, embracing not only the subject m

14、atter in hand（正在进行中的主要的事情）, but the whole activity of the speaker or participant in a setting, which corresponds to Hallidays “ideational function” of language.Tenor（语旨）：The participants, their education, social status, the role-relationship between the addresser and the addressee; the degree of int

15、imacy; the degree of social distance. （Its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning -the relationship between the speaker and the listener, their relative status, their attitude, and their role relations.）Mode（语式）：the medium of communicationthe graphic signs visual or sound waves

16、 auditory by means of which a message is conveyed from one person to anther; Channel; channel limitation; other detailed choices, the functions of language in the particular situation. Practice 4. Analyze the following conversation （Jenny comes to Alans house. She is conducting a survey for the gove

17、rnment.） Alan: Wont you come in, Miss-er-. Jenny: Cartwright, Jenny Cartwright. Im Alan Marlow. （Alan shows Jenny into the living room.） Oh wont you make yourself comfortable, Jenny? （After some minutes of talk, which is omitted here） Mr. Marlow Alan: Call me Alan. （The Marlows, Episode 11）The conte

18、xt shows clearly that Alan and Jenny are total strangers. The conven-tional address form between strangers is Title + Sur-name （Mr./Miss So-and-so）. But Alan addresses the girl by her first name and later asks her to do the same. His adoption of first-naming is an example of the manipulation of lang

19、uage. It is a move towards a friendlier relationship, indicating that Alan does not want their encounter to be formal and distant, as it is customary between strangers. In contrast, Jenny chooses to remain formal and distant by addressing Alan as “Mr. Marlow”. Linguistic Items6、Speech sounds:（1） Str

20、ess: Stress refers to the prominence of sounds. It is the result of extra force used in pronouncing a particular word or syllable. a） To show emphasis; b） To show surprise, anger, doubt, horror or excitement; c） To distinguish meaning of identical words or phrases. P23（2） Pause: Pause refers to the

21、brief interruption of the articulatory process between consecutive linguistic units such as sounds, syllables, words, phrases and sentences. a） voiced pause or filled pause; b） silent pauseFunction: P23（3） Pitch: This relative height of speech sounds as perceived by a listener is called “pitch” and

22、to indicate different feelings or attitudes, such as agreement, doubt, surprise, delight, scorn, abhorrence, or hatred. a） The falling pitch; b） The rising pitch; c） The fall-rise pitch; d） The rise-fall pitch; e） The level pitch; f） The fall-plus-rise pitch. （各用在什么情境下，有什么作用P2425） （4） Tempo: Tempo r

23、efers to the speed of speaking. Tempo reflected in monosyllables: a） quick and clipped syllables; b） loose and drawled syllables; c） slow and held syllables. Tempo reflected in sentences: a） the quick “allegro”; b） the slow “lendo”; c） the increasing “accelerando”; d） the decreasing “rallentando”. G

24、enerally speaking, a quick tempo indicates excitement, surprise, agreement, happiness, indignation, whereas a slow tempo usually indicates confusion, emphasis, disagreement, hesitation, sadness, tiredness, low spirit or disappointment, etc.7、Graphological Items the study of writing system of a langu

25、ageGraphological levelthe expression or realization of language in its writing system（1） Punctuation （ the dash破折号, the colon冒号, the exclamation mark感叹号）；各自用处效果（2） Capitalization（3） Italics 斜体（4） Paragraphing（分段）：Paragraphing refers to the way in which a text is divided into paragraphs. It is a devi

26、ce to reveal the relational structure in a text, the organization of the content.8、Lexical Items（1） General or Specific（2） Anglo-Saxon or Latinate（3） Other Lexical Items9、Syntactic/Grammatical Items（1） Clause TypesClause: A clause forms a sentence or part of a sentence. It is a group of words which

27、form a grammatical unit and which contains a subject and a finite verb, often functioning as a noun, adjective or adverb.1） In terms of the clause constituents, there are 5 basic types:2） In terms of the structure of the verb phrases （if any） in a clause: Finite clauses are clauses in which the firs

28、t or the only verb phrase is a finite form. E.g. He finished his work before leaving the classroom. Nonfinite clauses（非限定从句）are clauses whose verb phrase is non-finite, e.g. an ing participle. He finished his work before leaving the classroom. Verbless clauses（无动词分句）are clauses which contain no verb

29、 element, e.g.: Hundreds of people were killed in the fire, many of them children.3） In terms of functions in a sentence:Independent clause, not subordinate to another clause. E.g. I am a teacher. Subordinate clause is a clause which forms part of another clause as its element, or as constituent of

30、a phrase within a clause.a） nominal clause（名词性从句）e.g. What he said is true.b） relative clause（关系从句）functioning as post modifiers of a noun phrase.E.g. People who smoke annoy me.c） comparative clause, than, as d） adverbial clauses denoting time, place, reason, etc.（2） Sentence TypesSentence: A sentence is, gra