The Association of Fat Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus.docx

1、The Association of Fat Metabolism and Diabetes MellitusThe Association of Fat Metabolism and Diabetes MellitusInstructor: Robbie ChanReport written by:Zhang XinwenID: 1131300048Biochemistry and PhysiologySignature20 May 2013The Association of Fat Metabolism and Diabetes MellitusAbstract Diabetes Mel

2、litus is an endocrine-metabolic syndrome; its major features are hyperglycemia and high urine sugar level. According to the situation of insulin dependence can be classified as type I diabetes (T1DM) and type diabetes (T2DM). Abnormal fat (lipid) metabolism existed in both these two types of diabete

3、s. For Type I diabetes patients, their blood level of triglycerides (TG) is high before treatments. Insulin can suppress the activity of lipase. T1DM patients lack insulin in their blood, so their lipase will increase and active in blood level. Thus, a big amount of free fatty acid (FFA) and big amo

4、unt of glucose in blood will provide adequate materials for the liver to synthesis the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). For T2DM patients, the background and cause of the disease can be genetic factor or environmental factor or both. Thus, during the subclinical stage, the T2DM patients already

5、have dyslipidemia, increased TU and VLDL in their blood level, lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in blood level and increased amount of small density low density lipoprotein (SLDL).IntroductionSeveral thousand years ago, many countries in the world already found the sweet urine dise

6、ase, but its named “Diabetes Mellitus” was in the 17th century. This disease is associated with fat people, but the pathogenesis was found after many years. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose metabolism. Diabetes can be caused by the lack of insulin or lack of response to insulin, which resu

7、lts in glucose elevation. Glucose is the most readily available energy source for the body. When glucose cant be used due to a problem with insulin, proteins and fats are used as alternative energy sources. There are two main types of diabetes: diabetes mellitus Type 1 and Type 2. Diabetes mellitus

8、Type 1 is caused by the destruction of cells that produce insulin by the immune system. This results in lack of insulin production. Diabetes mellitus Type 1 is commonly seen in younger, non-obese people. Diabetes mellitus Type 2 is caused by the bodys resistance to insulin due to abnormal dieting th

9、at result in chronic elevations of glucose. When glucose is high in the blood, insulin is high as well. When this happens over time, the body becomes desensitized to insulin. Diabetes mellitus Type 2 is commonly seen in older, overweight people. (Joy, 2011)In the last decade, there has seen a shift

10、from the traditional glucocentric view of the syndrome associated with insulin resistance to an increasingly acknowledged lipocentric viewpoint. The concept is that lipids may act as signaling factors that regulate metabolic functions in target tissues. It was first suggested more than 40 years ago.

11、 (Roberto, 2012)The abnormal fat (lipid) metabolism theory and study of diabetes had big success in the last century. In 1960, Rose K. L. Wong and J. T. Van Bruggen used the diabetic rat to study lipid metabolism and made important advances on the association of fat metabolism and diabetes mellitus.

12、 Their investigations were designed to compare the lipid metabolism of diabetic rats with that of controls and to further compare the lipid metabolism of alloxan and pancreatectomized diabetic animals. The conversion of tracer doses of acetate-l-Cl4 to fatty acid and cholesterol was determined in ca

13、rcass, skin, gut, and liver tissues after a single injection of tracer. Determinations of serum cholesterol were made and the radioactivity of the serum cholesterol was also studied on a number of the animals. (Wong & Bruggen, 1960)Type I Diabetes (T1DM) Currently, T1DM is usually accompanied with d

14、yslipidemia, which related with insulin-dependent steps of the intravascular lipoprotein metabolism. T1DM dyslipidemia may predispose to precocious cardiovascular disease and the lipid status in T1DM under intensive insulin treatment has not been sufficiently explored. The study was aim to investiga

15、te the plasma lipids amount and quality. At the same time, the metabolism of LDL and HDL in insulin-treated T1DM patients with high glycemic levels will be monitored. (Feitosa, 2013) After several experiment and measurement, they found out that T1DM patients under intensive insulin treatment but wit

16、h poor glycemic control had lower LDL-cholesterol with higher LDE plasma clearance, indicating that LDL plasma removal was even more efficient than in controls. Furthermore, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, cholesterol esterification and transfer of lipids to HDL, an important step in reverse cholesterol transport, were all normal. Coexistence of high glycemia levels with normal intravascular lipid metabolism may be related to difference