语法结构复习要点ME文档格式.docx

1、We are leaving on Friday. / He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 13.27 train. / John is coming here next week and is staying here until August.（2）现在进行时与频度副词“always”，“continually”，“constantly”，“forever”，“repeatedly”，“perpetually”连用，表示动作反复进行，同时表示说话人的某种情绪（如厌烦、生气、责备等：Tom is always going away for weeke

2、nds. / He is constantly leaving things about. / He is continually asking me for money.3）现在完成时 现在完成时是现在时与过去时的一种混合时态，它的时间概念有时是不明确的。我们所关心的是现存的结果，或者过去发生的事对现在的影响。因此，现在完成时可以看作是回顾过去的现在时。（1） 现在完成时可以与表示“直到现在”的状语连用，如“so far”，“up to now”，“up to the present”，“up till now”等，这些短语明确表示过去和现在的联系：Ive planted fourteen

3、rosebushes（玫瑰丛）so far this morning. / We are doing things no one has so far attempted. / Mike and I have been good friends up to now.（2） 现在完成时可以与“for”和“since”引起的状语连用 “for + 时段”常与现在完成时连用：We havent seen Helen for several months. / There has been no rain here for over three weeks. “for + 时段”用于否定句，表示将来时

4、间，意思是“只在之后才”：The train doesnt leave for another ten minutes. 再过十分钟，火车才开。/ He wont be back in Beijing for a week. 不到一星期，他不会回北京。 “since ”可用作连接词、介词和副词：She has worked at that factory since she came here. / Ive lived here since 1980. / I saw Henry in May and I havent seen him since. “since”引起的时间状语中的谓语动词可

5、用一般过去时或现在完成时：Ive lived here since I retired. （自从我退休以来我一直住在这里。） “retire”是个限界体动词，表示到了一定限界这个动作就无法继续下去了。如果“since”从句中非限界体动词是一般过去时，这表明动作或状态的完成，而不是开始：I havent heard from him since he lived here.（自从他离开这里以来，我就没有收到他的信。而不是：自从他住在这里以来。）如果要表示“自从他住在这里以来”，应该说“since he has lived here.”。 比较下列两组句子： Since I have been i

6、ll my daughter has visited me every day. 句子的含义是：我现在还在生病，而我女儿的探望从我生病开始，日日坚持，直到现在。 Since I was ill my daughter has visited me every day. 句子的含义是：我已康复，从我康复之日起，她每天都来看我，直到现在。 He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他经常写信给我。 He has written to me frequently since I have been ill. 自从我生病以来，他经

7、常写信给我。（3） 现在完成时与下列介词短语连用：“during the past / last few weeks / months / years”“in the past / last few weeks / months / years” / “over the past / last few weeks / months / years” / “in recent weeks / months / years”等：In recent years a number of communications satellites have been put into orbit about t

8、he earth. / The idea that learning is a lifelong process has been expressed by philosophers and educationalists throughout the centuries. / Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with

9、them. / In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women pursuing this field is climbing. （4） 现在完成时用在下列句型中：This （that, it） is the first （second, third, fourth, etc.）.This （that, it） is the only. / This （that, it） is the best （finest, worst, most interesting, etc.）.：This is t

10、he first time （that） Ive felt relaxed for months.Thats the seventeenth beer （that） youve drunk this evening.This is the only party （that） Ive ever enjoyed in my life. / Its one of the most interesting books （that） Ive ever read.4） 现在完成进行时（1） 现在完成进行时表示从过去开始而继续到现在的动作，这个动作还要继续下去，而现在完成时则表示动作业已完成。试比较下列两句

11、：I have been painting this room. （= I havent finished it.）I have painted this room. （= I have finished it.）（2） 现在完成进行时常与“for”，“since”，和“all + 表示时间的词”引起的状语短语连用：I have been living in Sallys flat for the last month. / That man has been standing on the corner all day. / Ms. Green has been living in town

12、 for only one year, yet she seems to be acquainted with everyone who comes to the store. 5）过去完成时 过去完成时，即过去的过去 （past in the past），是指一件过去的事发生在另一件过去的事之前。（1） 在时间状语从句、原因状语从句和定语从句中，如果主句的谓语动词和从句的谓语动词表示过去的动作不同时发生，先发生的动作要用过去完成时，后发生的动作要用一般过去时：Although we had told them not to keep us waiting, they made no atte

13、mpt to speed up deliveries. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced. / They pointed out the damage which they supposed had been done by last nights storm. （2） 过去完成时常用在动词“said”，“told”，“asked”，“explained”，“thought”，“wondered”和“learn

14、ed”等引起的宾语从句中：The teacher asked those who had completed their tests to leave the room as quietly as possible. / On my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours. （3） 句型“no sooner.than”，“hardly.when / before”和“scarcely.when / before”通常表示过去发生的事

15、，意思是“刚就”。主句中的谓语动词要用过去完成时，从句中的谓语动词要用一般过去时。如果“no sooner”，“hardly”和“scarcely”为位于句首，主句的主语和谓语要倒置：Mrs. Brown had no sooner left the room than they began to gossip about her. / Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. （4） 过去完成时常与由“介词by + 表示过去时间的名词”构成的短语连用：I began collecting stamps in

16、 February and by November I had collected more than 2000. / By the time we got there, the first act had already begun. / By the end of last week we had already done half of the work.6） 过去将来时（1） 过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情：Craig assured his boss that he would call forth all his energies in doing this new

17、 job. / She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would justify her long effort. （2） 过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯的动作（不管什么人称，都用“would”）：Whenever he had time, he would help them in their work. / Every evening he would go and talk with the workers.7） 将来完成时将来完成时表示在将来的某个时刻已成为过去的行动或在该时刻刚刚结束的行动。

18、（1） 将来完成时常与“by + 表示将来的名词”和“by the time （that）.”结构连用：By the year 2000, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer. / By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. （2） 将来完成时还可用于包含有时间状语的主从复合句中，即从句中的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句中的谓语动词用将来完成时：When I leave the school next w

19、eek I shall have taught this class for five years.2. 情态动词 我们称“can”，“may”这样的动词称为情态动词。如在请别人允许自己做某事；准许或命令别人做某事；劝别人做某事或接受别人的劝告；对别人提出要求或建议；表示某人的能力，或答应别人的请求或提议时，往往要使用情态动词。如“You must see a dentist.”一句，就带有某种强调意味的最直率命令语气。下面讨论几个常用的情态动词。1）“can”和“could”（1） “can”表示“能，会，有能力”，通常可与“be able to”互换，但是“be able to”少用。“c

20、an”指现在和将来，“could”指过去：I felt bored to death because I could make nothing of the chairmans speech. / From this material we can derive hundreds of what you may call direct products. “can”表示“可能性”（possibility），也作“有时”解：Even expert drivers can make mistakes. （= It is possible for expert drivers to make mis

21、takes.） / That boy cab be （= is sometimes） naughty. / Lightning can be dangerous.（2） “can”用于否定句，表示否定的判断或推测，其肯定形式是“must + 原形动词”：Janes light is out. She cant be at home. / Janes light is on. She must be at home. / A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no valu

22、e or importance. （3） “can”用于下列惯用结构： “cannot help + v-ing”作“不由得；忍不住”解：When Jane fell off the bike, the other children could not help laughing. “cannot + 动词 + too + 形容词或副词”作“无论怎样也不会过分，越越好”解：I cannot speak too highly of him. / It cannot be too much emphasized that agriculture is the foundation of the n

23、ational economy.（4） “can”和“could”与动词不定式的完成式连用，表示说话人对过去发生的事的真实性所持的态度，如惊奇或怀疑。“can + 动词不定式的完成式”这一结构只用在疑问句和否定句中：Where can she have gone? She cant have gone to school its Saturday.She could have gone off with some friends. （不可说“She can have gone off with some friends.”。） “could + 动词不定式的完成式”也表示过去有可能但并没有实现

24、的事情：You were stupid to go skiing there you could have broken your leg.It wasnt a good idea to throw the TV out of the window it could have hit somebody. / I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me?2）“may”和“might”（1） “may”和“might”表示可能性：Each cigarette that a person smokes does some harm, a

25、nd eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect. / He admitted that the news might be true.（2） “may”和“might”表示说话者有权许可对方做某事：You may （not） watch TV for as long as you like. （不用“might”。）（3） “may well + 原形动词”表示“有可能”或“有充分理由做某事；（完全），能，（满）可以”：You may well get lost, so take a map. / You may well

26、say so. “may （might） （just） as well + 原形动词”作“倒不如；（满）可以；还是的好；不妨”解。这是一种很不明显地表示意愿的方法，表示建议或劝说采取某种行动：Theres nothing to do, so I may as well go to bed.All the pubs are closingwe may as well go home. （4） “may + 不定式的完成式”的意思是“也许曾经”，表示说话人对过去发生的事的可能性的猜测：“Janes very late.”“She may have missed her train.” / “Wha

27、t do you think that noise was?”“It might have been a cat.” “might + 不定式的完成式”往往作“本该而竟不曾”解，含有批评、责备或恼怒的意：You might have warned us that the bull was dangerous. / You might have helped me with my work （but you didnt）. / You might have finished the work earlier （but you didnt）.（5） “may”和“might”用于让步状语从句，可用

28、正常语序也可用“动词 + as + 主语 + may（或might）”这一语序：He may be poor but （= though he is poor） he is honest. / Try as he may, he will not pass the examination.3）“must”和“have to”（1） “must”用在肯定句中表示对现在情况的肯定推测，在疑问句和否定句中要用“can”和“cant”：Mary must have some problem: she keeps crying. / Theres the doorbell. It must be Rog

29、er. / That cant be the postman its only seven oclock.（2） “must + 不定式的完成式”表示对过去发生的事情较有把握的推测。在疑问句和否定句中要用“can + 不定式的完成式”和“cant + 不定式的完成式”：From the tears in Janes eyes we can deduce that something sad must have occurred. / Where can John have put the matches? He cant have thrown them away.4）“ought to”和“should”（1） “ought to”和“should”意思相同。在大多数情况下，两者可以互换使用：You should apologize to him. / You ought to go and see Mary some time. “ought to + 不定式的完成式”和“should + 不定式的完成式”用于肯定句，表示过去应该做的事没有做；用于否定句表示不该做的事做了；因此，这种结构表示没有履行的义务或被忽略未做的明智行为，有强烈的批评、责难和后悔的语气：I should have been kinder to her. 当时我要对她更亲切一点就好了。He sh