tpo26阅读文本及答案Word格式文档下载.docx

1、 however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine. In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 varie

2、ty of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be drive

3、n, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw

4、cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britains most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam e

5、ngine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table. The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the tran

6、sformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke （substance left after coal is heated） as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality r

7、efined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Brita

8、in was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries. Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which

9、in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses w

10、ere still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete 2 transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encour

11、aging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also,

12、the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class. PARAGRAP

13、H 1 1、Why does the author provide the information that Great Britain had large amounts of coal?A. To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century f B. To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and indus

14、tries in eighteenth-century Britain C. To indicate that Britains energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel D. To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century 2、What was the problem of energy that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eight

15、eenth century possible?A. Water and wind could not be used efficiently. B. There was no efficient way to power machinery. C. Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply. D. Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial applicat

16、ion. PARAGRAPH 2 3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watts steam engine?A. The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain B. Increased mechanization C. More possibilities for mill location D. Smaller mills 4、The phrase

17、 apparent in in the passage is closest in meaning to A. clearly seen in B. aid in C. associated with D. followed By 5、According to paragraph 2, what was Britains most important export by 1850?A. Raw cotton B. Cotton cloth C. Steam-powered pumps D. Coal 6、The word consequentA. Resulting B. Encouragin

18、g C. well documented D. immediate 7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?A. It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production. B. It explains how the production of mechanical energ

19、y and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain. C. It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution. D. It illustrates why historians have assigned igreat importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution. PARAGRAPH 3 8、According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry?A. It helped make wood into charcoal. B. It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the producti