工程管理专业英语Word格式文档下载.docx

1、Some of the stages require iteration（反复）, and others may be carried out in parallel（平行） or with overlapping（重复） time frames（时间框架）, depending on the nature, size and urgency of the project.The project life cycle may be viewed as a process through which a project is implemented from cradle to grave.Th

2、is process is often very complex; however, it can be decomposed into several stages.Owners must recognize that there is no single best approach in organizing project management throughout a projects life cycle.1.2Residential Housing Construction（住宅类房屋建设）:The residential housing market is heavily aff

3、ected by general economic conditions, tax laws, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the government.Often, a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment in construction, since many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and develope

4、rs at the same time.Institutional and Commercial Building Construction（办公和商业用房建设） encompasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sports stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, ware

5、houses and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels.Because of the higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and commercial buildings in comparison with residential housing, this market segment is shared by fewer competitors.Since the construction of some of

6、these buildings is a long process which once started will take some time to proceed until completion, the demand is less sensitive to general economic conditions than that for speculative housing.Consequently, the owners may confront an oligopoly of general contractors who compete in the same market

7、. In an oligopoly situation, only a limited number of competitors exist, and a firms price for services may be based in part on its competitive strategies in the local market.Specialized Industrial Construction（专业化工业项目建设） usually involves very large scale projects with a high degree of technological

8、 complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power plants.Although the initiation of such projects is also affected by the state of the economy, long range demand forecasting is the most important factor since such projects are capital intens

9、ive and require considerable amount of planning and construction time.Infrastructure and Heavy Construction（重大基础项目建设） includes projects such as highways, mass transit systems, tunnels, bridges, pipelines, drainage systems and sewage treatment plants.Most of these projects are publicly owned and ther

10、efore financed either through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mechanization, which has gradually replaced some labor intensive operations.1.3Financial Planning Consultants财务规划咨询Architectural and Engineering Firms建筑和工程设计公司Design/Construct Firms设计/施工公

11、司Professional Construction Managers职业化建设项目管理Operation and Maintenance Managers运营维护管理Facilities Management设施管理Words and Expressionsperceived 感知到的，感观的conceptual 概念上的feasibility 可行性；可能性procurement 采购，获得，取得occupancy 居住，占有，占用maintenance 维护，保持disposal 处理，支配，清理，安排facility 设施definition 定义objective 目的，目标scop

12、e 范围，余地，视野，眼界，导弹射程preliminary 准备，预赛，初步措施specification 规格，说明书completion 完成，结束，实现acceptance 接纳，赞同，容忍fulfillment 履行，实行Translation1. From the viewpoint of project management, the terms “owners” and “sponsor” are synonymous because both have the ultimate authority to make all important decisions.从项目管理的角度

13、看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。2. After the scope of the project is clearly defined, detailed engineering design will provide the blueprint for construction, and the definitive cost estimate will serve as the baseline for cost control.项目范围界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。3. Furthermore, an o

14、wner may have in-house capacities to handle the work in every stage of the entire process, or it may seek professional advice and services for the work in all stages.此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。4. The owner may choose to decompose the entire process into more or less stages based

15、 on the size and nature of the project, and thus obtain the most efficient result in implementation.业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实践中最高效的结果。5. All organizational approaches have advantages and disadvantages, depending on the knowledge of the owner in construction management as well as the

16、type, size, and location of the project.所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型、规模和位置。6. In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quiet different.各类建筑的规划、采购的专业服务、建筑合同的制定、以

17、及建筑设施融资的方法都可以完全不同。7. Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects with a high degree of technological complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power plants, as is shown in Figure 1-4.专门的工业建筑，通常涉及技术复杂程度高，如炼

18、油厂、钢铁厂、化学处理厂和燃煤或核电厂等的大型项目，如图1-4所示。8. Traditionally, the owner engages an architectural and engineering （A/E） firm or consortium as technical consultant in developing a preliminary design.传统上，业务会聘请建筑和工程设计（A/E）公司或财团做前期设计和技术咨询。9. By integrating design and construction management into a single organizat

19、ion, many of the conflicts between designers and constructors might be avoided.通过将设计管理和施工管理统融为一体，就可以避免设计方和施工方的许多矛盾。10. In recent years, a new breed of construction managers （CM） offers professional services from the inception to the completion of a construction project.近年来，出现了为项目从启动到完工全过程服务的职业化建设项目经

20、理（CM）。11. Hence, an owner must understand its own responsibility and the risk it wishes to assign to itself and to other participants in the process.因此，业主必须懂得项目当中属于其自身的义务和风险须有其自己来承担。12. Unless the owner performs this function or engages a professional construction manager to do so, a good general co

21、ntractor who has worked with a team of superintendents, speciality contractors or subcontractors together for a number of projects in the past can be most effective in inspiring loyalty and cooperation.除非业主自己发挥这项职能或聘请职业化的CM做这件事，一个经验丰富的总承包商是能够协同专业承包商和分包商尽职尽责地完成任务的。13. In the State of New York, for ex

22、ample, speciality contractors, such as mechanical and electrical contractors, are not subjected to the supervision of the general contractor of a construction project and must be given separate prime contracts on public works.例如在纽约州，诸如机械和电气等专业承包商并不直接由总承包商监督管理，并且在公共工程中必须授予其独立的合同。14. Major material su

23、ppliers include specialty contractors in structural steel fabrication and erection, sheet metal, ready mixed concrete delivery, reinforcing steel bar detailer, roofing, glazing etc.主要原料供应商，包括钢结构、网架、金属结构，预拌混凝土输送，预应力钢筋，房屋架，以及电气照明等。2.1Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human an

24、d material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.The basic ingredients for a project management framework may be represented schematically in Figure 2-1.2.2Plea

25、se briefly describe these three organizations: functional organization, matrix organization and project organization.施工单位项目管理的组织形式1.直线式组织形式 2.职能式组织形式 3.直线职能式组织形式 4.矩阵式组织形式 5.项目式组织形式 6.事业部式组织形式2.3The project manager often gains the support of his/her team through a combination of the following: Forma

26、l authority; Reward and/or penalty power; Expert power; Attractive power.In general, the project managers authority must be clearly documented as well as defined, particularly in a matrix organization where the functional division managers often retain certain authority over the personnel temporaril

27、y assigned to a project. The following principles should be observed: The interface betweenthe project manager and the functional division managers should be kept as simple as possible; The project manager must gain control over those elements of the project which may overlap with functional divisio

28、n managers; The project manager should encourage problem solving rather than role playing of team members drawn from various functional divisions.1Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project.总的来说，项目管理有别于公司的宏观管

29、理，它取决于项目以任务（目标）为导向的这一特征。2By contrast, the general management of business and industrial corporations assumes a broader outlook with greater continuity of operations.与此形成对照，一般的工商企业的管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连续性。3Similarly, many operations research techniques such as linear programming and network analysis are now widely used in many knowledge or application domains.同样，许多如线性规划和网络分析等运筹学中的技术也已在其他知识或应用领域广为应用。4Contractual relati