最新宏观期末知识点总结Word格式.docx

1、在短期中，价格是具有粘性的（sticky），实际GDP可能等于、大于、小于潜在GDP.2、总供给（Aggregate Supply）2.1总供给是描述实际GDP供给量与价格水平的关系。The quantity of labor employedThe quantity of physical, human capital Quantity of real GDP suppliedThe state of technology AS 内生变量 Price level2.2总供给关系取决于时间范围企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性-长期总供给曲线企业的产品服务价格具有黏性短期总供给曲线2.2.1长期总供

2、给（long-run aggregate supply）a、In the long run, the money wage rate changes in step with the price level;b、Try to explain why the LAS curve is vertical.（重点）the price level change by the real wage rate the money wage the same percentage does not changerateat the full-employment level real GDP=potentia

3、l GDP potential GDP is independent of the price level LAS curve is vertical2.2.2短期总供给（short-run aggregate supply）a、in the short run, the money wage rate, the prices of other resources and potential GDP remain constant;b、Try to explain why the SAS curve slopes upward.In the short run, when the price

4、level rises real wage rate declinesthe cost of production decreases employ more labors increases production（real GDP） 黏性工资模型在超短期中，总供给曲线是水平的。2.3总供给的变动An increase in theFull-employment quantity of laborAn increase in the changes in both of LAS and SASquantity of capital potential GDP curve shiftAn adv

5、ance in technology changes in ASDepartures fromfull-employment changes in Expectations about the money wage only SAS curve shiftsinflation rate3、总需求（Aggregate demand）3.1 总需求是描述实际GDP需求量与价格水平的关系Basic formula: Y（实际GDP需求量）= C+I+G+（X-M） aggregatePrice level demand3.2 总需求曲线Try to explain why the AD curve

6、slopes downward.Method 1 Price level real wealthsaving Wealth Effectcurrent consumption AD Intertemporal substitution SubstitutionInternational price EffctsMethod 2To analysis the relationship between the price level and real GDP by using the quantity theory of money.3.3影响总需求变动的因素Expectation ，Fiscal

7、 and monetary policy，The world economic（这部分的变化分析要求理解掌握，课本上有具体的总结解释）4、短期均衡与长期均衡短期均衡：SAS=AD（attention: the money wage rate is fixed）长期均衡：货币工资率的不断调整使得经济处于充分就业状态。In the long-run equilibrium, potential GDP determines real GDP, and potential GDP and AD determine the price level.凯恩斯主义：强调短期均衡；新古典主义：强调长期均衡5、

8、AS-AD模型的运用（重点）5.1 解释经济增长，经济增长的过程中伴随通货膨胀5.2解释经济周期（短期经济波动）5.3总需求变动带来的短期和长期效应（通胀缺口和萧条缺口）5.4总供给负方向波动会引发滞胀，思考可以通过何种调整可以使经济回归充分就业状态。6、三大宏观经济学的思想流派古典主义：经济能够自我调节，回归充分就业状态（长期）；新古典认为技术的变化是造成经济波动的主要原因。强调政府干预，经济不能自身调节货币主义：在货币政策稳定且货币稳定增长的情况下，经济能够自我调节，处于充分就业的均衡状态Chapter 28 Expenditure Multipliers: The Keynesian M

9、odel凯恩斯模型前提假设：1. Price-level is fixed 2. Aggregate demand determines real GDPAggregate planned expenditure: C+I+G+X-M（注意均为planned的情况而非实际情况，C,M有部分是自发性的1 Consumption and savinga. Factors influence consumption and saving: 1. Disposal income增加（减少），c,s增加（减少）；2. Real interest rate增加（减少），c减少（增加），s增加（减少）；3.

10、 Wealth增加（减少），c增加（减少），s减少（增加）；4. Expected future income增加（减少），c增加（减少），s减少（增加） b. Consumption, saving functions P673c. MPC, MPS, MPI:MPC+MPS=1, MPI=changes in investment/ changes in real GDP2 Aggregate Planned Expenditurea. Autonomous expenditure: I, G, X, 部分C, MInduced expenditure: C, M计算autonomous

11、expenditure: real GDP=0时的aggregate planned expenditureb. AE Curve P677c. Actual aggregate expenditure= Real GDPAggregate planned expenditure Real GDP（inventories的作用） Aggregate planned expenditureReal GDP, inventories减少； Aggregate planned expenditureReal GDP, inventories增加。d. Equilibrium expenditure:

12、 Aggregate planned expenditure= Real GDP3 MultiplierMultiplier= changes in equilibrium expenditure/ changes in autonomous expenditure = Y/ A = 1/（1- the slope of AE）Multiplier1的原因：autonomous expenditure的增加会带来real GDP增加，进而增加induced expenditure。当无income tax, imports时，multiplier= 1/（1-MPC）=1/MPS当有incom

13、e tax, imports时，multiplier1这里有营业员们向顾客们示范着制作各种风格炯异的饰品，许多顾客也是学得不亦乐乎。据介绍，经常光顾“碧芝”的都是些希望得到世界上“独一无二”饰品的年轻人，他们在琳琅满目的货架上挑选，然后亲手串连，他们就是偏爱这种的方式，完全自助在现场，有上班族在里面精挑细选成品，有细心的小女孩在仔细盘算着用料和价钱，准备自己制作的原料。可以想见，用本来稀奇的原料，加上别具匠心的制作，每一款成品都必是独一无二的。而这也许正是自己制造所能带来最大的快乐吧。b. when government expenditure increases, government bo

14、rrowing increase and raises the real interest rate. With the higher cost of borrowing, investment decreases, which will partly offsets the increase in government spending. If this were the only consequence of the increase in government expenditure, the multiplier would be 1.中式饰品风格的饰品绝对不拒绝采用金属，而且珠子的种

15、类也更加多样。 五光十色的水晶珠、仿古雅致的嵌丝珐琅珠、充满贵族气息的景泰蓝珠、粗糙前卫的金属字母珠片的材质也多种多样。c The actual multiplier depends on which above effect is stronger.（3）The tax multiplier is the quantity effect a change in taxes on aggregate demand（一）上海的经济环境对饰品消费的影响Chapter 31 Monetary Policy据统计，上海国民经济持续快速增长。03全年就实现国内生产总值（GDP）6250.81亿元，按可比

16、价格计算，比上年增长11.8%。第三产业的增速受非典影响而有所减缓，全年实现增加值3027.11亿元，增长8%，增幅比上年下降2个百分点。1、掌握monetary policy的objectiveMaximum employment、Moderate long-term interest rates、Stable prices（主要目标）2、如何conduct monetary policy?Fed通过open market operation首先影响federal funds rate，接着影响interest rate，然后影响quantity of money，最后影响aggregate

17、 demand.市场环境所提供的创业机会是客观的，但还必须具备自身的创业优势，才能使我们的创业项目成为可行。作为大学生的我们所具有的优势在于：注意：federal funds rate 是bank持有reserve的cost具体的process of transmission见书上7593、Fed如何fight recession/inflation? 当经济处于recession的时候，Fed会降低federal funds rate使得monetary base增加，从而使得interest rate减少，间接导致planned expenditure增加，由于乘数效应，real GDP会增长到potential GDP.加拿大公司就是根据年轻女性要充分展现自己个性的需求，将世界各地的珠类饰品汇集于“碧芝自制饰品店”内，由消费者自选、自组、自制，这样就能在每个消费者亲手制作、充分发挥她们的艺术想像力的基础上，创作出作品，达到展现个性的效果（书上762-763这4个图要掌握） 在我们学校大约有4000多名学生，