国际货代英语考试重点加翻译15文档格式.docx

1、 没有国际贸易，该国的经济将仅限于本国境内的货物和服务的生产制造。二：国内贸易和国际贸易的异同International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that crossing a national border typically involves additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as l

2、anguage, the legal system, or a different culture.国际贸易中的成本通常会明显高于国内贸易。原因是国际贸易通过一个国境时通常会产生附加的成本，比如关税，边境延误产生的时间成本，以及由于国与国之间语言、法律体制或者文化等方面的差异所产生的成本。Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a coun

3、try than across national borders. Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.国内贸易与国际贸易的另一个差异在于生产要素的流动，比如资本和劳动力在一国国内的流动比跨越国境的流动要容易得多。如此一来，国际贸易主要限于货物和服务的交易。Then, trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of impo

4、rting the factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing labor, the United States is importing g

5、oods from China that were produced with Chinese labor那么，货物与服务的贸易可替代生产要素的贸易。一国可进口生产要素密集型的货物，这一货物分别包含了各生产要素，而不用进口生产要素。.例如美国从中国进口劳动密集型的货物。美国从中国进口的是用中国劳动力生产的货物而不是进口劳动力。International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international

6、economics.国际贸易是经济的一条命脉，它与国际金融共同构成了国际经济更大的命脉。三、国际贸易的风险 Economic risks include the risk of insolvency of the buyer; the risk of the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date; the risk of non-acceptance; the risk of exchange rate, and so on. Political risks include

7、 the risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licenses; war risks; risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importers company; risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods; transfer risk imposition of exchange controls by the importers country or foreign

8、 currency shortages; and influence of political parties on an importers company.经济风险包括：买方破产;买方到期日后六个月内不支付应付款额;拒绝承兑;外汇风险等。政治风险主要包括：取消或不更换出口或进口许可证;战争风险;进口商公司被征用或者充公;货物装船后强制实施进口禁令;转让风险进口商所在国家采取的强制性的外汇管制或者外币紧缺;以及该国政党对进口商公司的影响。四、世贸组织的简单介绍The World Trade Organization is best described as an umbrella organ

9、ization under which the agreements that came out of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations are gathered.准确地说世界贸易组织是一个联盟性的组织，联盟内的各项协定都是经乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判共同达成。五、贸易壁垒的一般定义A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade.贸易壁垒

10、是指各国政府用于限制国际贸易的政策或条例的总称。各种贸易壁垒措施import duties: 进口税import or export licenses: 进出口许可证import quotas: 进口配额tariffs: 关税subsidies: 补贴non-tariff barriers: 非关税壁垒贸易壁垒实施的原理Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost to trade that raises the price of trade products. If tw

11、o or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war results.大多数贸易壁垒实施的原理是一样的：强制性地增加某些贸易的成本，将会使得贸易产品的价格上升。如果两个或多个国家之间相互反复的使用贸易壁垒，那么将会导致贸易战争。Any international transaction should start with market research. An importer/exporter must acquire good knowledge of the foreign

12、 market to which his products are to be sold so that he can trade with the customers successfully.六、国际贸易的步骤任何一笔国际交易最初都要进行市场调研。进口商/出口商必须熟悉其产品销往的国外市场，这样才能够成功地与客户进行交易。1）Seeking customers 寻找客户 2）Contact each other by sending inquiries 联系查询3）Status inquiry 情况查询 4）Quotations or offers; acceptance or non-a

13、cceptance 报价或发盘;接受或不接受报价或发盘5）Order; contract 发送订单;签订合同 6）Obtaining import/export license; opening L/C / receiving L/C, if any 获得进口/出口许可证;开立信用证/接收信用证7）Preparation of goods by the seller 卖方备货 8）Inspection or survey of goods 检查或检验货物9） Reserving shipping space either by the seller or buyer, depending on

14、 the trade terms. 依据贸易条款，由卖方或买方订舱。10）Effecting insurance 办理保险11）Customs clearance and loading 报关装货12）Shipping advice 装船（发货）通知13）Negotiation of export documents under L/C by the beneficiary 通过受益人议付信用证项下的出口单证。14）Redemption of documents under L/C 赎回信用证项下单证（赎单）15）Customs clearance for import 进口报关16）Deli

15、very of goods 交货 17）Lodging and Settling claims （if any） 提出索赔/理赔 Unit 2 Scope of Freight Forwarding ServiceOriginally, a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks such as loading/unloading of goods, storage of goods, arranging local transpor

16、t, obtaining payment for his customer最开始，货运代理是进出口商的委托代理人，替进出口商做一些常规事务，比如装载/卸载货物，货物的存储，安排地方运输.However, the expansion of international trade and the development of different modes of transport over the years that followed enlarged the scope of his services Today, a freight forwarder plays an important

17、 role in international trade and transport.在以后的几年里，国际贸易的扩大和不同运输方式的发展加大了货运代理的服务范围。现在，货运代理人在国际贸易和运输中起着重要的作用。货运代理提供的服务通常可能从日常基础的工作比如舱位的预定，清关等，到全面的一揽子服务包括整个货物的运输和分发派送过程。Unless the consignor, the person sending goods, or the consignee, the person receiving the goods, wants to attend to any of the procedu

18、ral and documentary formalities himself, it is usually the freight forwarder who undertakes on his behalf to process the movement of goods through the various stages involved. The freight forwarder may provide these services directly or through sub-contractors or other agencies employed by him.如果发货人

19、或者收货人不想亲自去办理那些繁琐的手续的话，货运代理人将代表他们去处理货物运输中所涉及的各个步骤。货运代理人可以直接或者通过次承包商或者另外雇用代理来提供这些服务。On Behalf of the Consignor （ Exporter ） 货运代理人代表发货人（出口商）所要做的工作1. 1、Choose the route, mode of transport and a suitable carrier. 挑选运输线路，运输方式和合适的承运人。2. Book space with the selected carrier. 跟选定的承运人订舱。3.Take delivery of the

20、 goods and issue relevant documents such as the Forwarders Certificate of Receipt, the Forwarders Certificate of Transport, etc. 接收货物，并签发货运代理人收货证明书和货运代理人运输证明书。4. Study the provisions of the letter of credit and all Government regulations applicable to the shipment of goods in the country of export,

21、the country of import, as well as any transit country; he would also prepare all the necessary documents. 研究适用于货物出口国家和进口国家，以及中转国家运输的信用证条款和所有政府规定，并准备所有必须的单证文件。5.Pack the goods, taking into account the route, the mode of transport, the nature of the goods and applicable regulations, if any, in the cou

22、ntry of export, transit countries and country of destination.货物的包装，（ 在货物包装时） 要考虑运输路线，运输的方式，货物的特性，如果有的话还要考虑出口国，中转国和目的地国家适用的规定。6. Arrange warehousing of the goods, if necessary. 如果有必要的话，要安排货物的仓储7. Weigh and measure the goods. 测定货物的重量和尺寸。8. Draw the consignors attention to the need for insurance and ar

23、range for the insurance of goods, if required by the consignor. 提醒发货人注意是否需要货物保险，如果发货人需要投保，则需安排货物的保险。9. Transport the goods to the port, arrange for customs clearance, related documentation formalities and deliver the goods to the carrier. 将货物运往港口，安排货物的清关，办理相关的单证上的手续并将货物交付给承运人。10. Attend to foreign e

24、xchange transactions, if any. 关注外汇交易11. Pay fees and other charges including freight. 支付手续费和其他包括运费在内的费用12. Obtain the signed bills of lading from the carrier and arrange delivery to the consignor. 从承运人那里获得签发的提单并将提单转让给发货人13. Arrange for transshipment en route if necessary. 如果有必要的话，安排货物在途中的转运。14. Moni

25、tor the movement of goods all the way to the consignee through contacts with the carrier and the forwarders agents abroad. 通过联系承运人和海外的货运代理，监控货物的运输直至货物交付给收货人。15. Note damages or losses, if any, to the goods. 记录货物的货损货失16. Assist the consignor in pursuing claims, if any, against the carrier for loss of

26、 the goods or for damage to them. 如果货物有损失，需要帮助发货人向承运人就货物的损失提出赔偿。On Behalf of the Consignee（Importer） 货运代理人代表收货人（进口商）所要做的工作1. Monitor the movement of goods on behalf of the consignee when the consignee controls freight, that is, the cargo. 当收货人支付运费时，即由收货人负责货物运输，货运代理人应替收货人监控货物的运输。2. Receive and check

27、all relevant documents relating to the movement of the goods. 接受并审查所有与货物运输有关的单证。3. Take delivery of the goods from the carrier and, if necessary, pay the freight costs. 从承运人手中接收货物，如需要还要支付的运费。4. Arrange customs clearance and pay duties, fees and other charges to the customs and other public authoriti

28、es. 安排货物的清关，并向海关和政府当局支付关税，手续费及其他服务费用。5. Arrange transit warehousing, if necessary. 如需要，安排中转仓库。6. Deliver the cleared goods to the consignee. 将清关后的货物交付给收货人。7. Assist the consignee, if necessary, in pursuing claims, if any, against the carrier for the loss of the goods or any damage to them.如果有必要的话，帮助收货人向承运人就货物的丢失或者任何损害提出赔偿。8. Assist the consignee, if necessary, in warehousing and distribution. 如果需要，帮助收货人安排货物存入仓库和分发。Unit 3 Incoterm 2000To provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published