培训体系大学英语四六级阅读培训材料Word文档格式.docx

1、 1The word / phrase / expression most probably means 2The word / phrase / expression refers to 3The word / phrase / expression suggests that . . . 4What does the author mean by the word / phrase / expression? 5By the word / phrase / expression the author means . . 6By the word / phrase / expression

2、the author intends to render the idea that 请见实例： 请见实例： 【例文 1】 （CET4 99.1 Passage Four 第三段） Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to p

3、ublic scrutiny. 38The word “scrutiny”（Line 3, Para.3）most probably means“ A）inquiry B）observation C）control D）suspicion ”. 【分析】上文指出“Almost all of it （learning） is private” ，下文又指出“that process （learning） is not open to public scrutiny.”由此可见，public scrutiny 和 private 是相对的概念。如果将选项中的词分别替换 scrutiny，能够判断

4、只有 B）符合原文。 【例文 2】 （CET4 1998.6 Passage Four 第一段） In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative 36The word “imperative” （Line 6, Para. 1）most probably refers to something A）superficial B）remarkable C）debatable

5、 D）essential . 【分析】在上文中没有相关词汇能够借助来推测 imperative 的含义，但根据该句的逻辑关系“如果他们的公司 要参和全球竞争的话，多样化是 答案。 的” ，由此推断，空白处应译为“必要的，必需的”等。因此 D）应为正确 一、学会猜测词义 猜测词义的技巧可分为三大部分：根据上下文猜测词义，根据构词法猜测词义以及利用信号猜测词义。 （一）根据上下文猜测词义 1根据文章中给出的定义、修饰性从句及定语直接猜得词义。也就是说，文章的作者本人也意识到文章中的 某些词十分生僻或不常使用而故意在同位语、修饰性从句等中给出一定的揭示或进行一些解释。这些用来解释或进 1 版权所有，

6、不得翻印 作者：汤良斌 行揭示的词，意义和生僻词基本相同，基本能够互换。也就是说，通过阅读解释部分，生僻词的意义便明晰了。 Example 1 Designer Taylors car has all the comforts of an ordinary sports car: special seats and dashboard, body of special material, and efficient steering. But by removing a few bins and bolts form the strange-looking trailer, which is

7、a transport vehicle hauled by a tractor or truck, and joining the sections to the car with the same pins and bolts, Taylor can change his sports car into a “ flying object ”. 2根据上下文中的内容猜测词义。考生能够根据上下文所提供的信息进行有机的联想及推断，进而达到理解 生词含义的目的。这种类型的题，上下文的解释一般较为具体，而生词则是文章中较为概括的部分。 Example 2 We often call this sma

8、ll change of conversation small talk, but this description seems to denigrate it unfairly. On special occasions, at parties for example, small talk is usually necessary before deeper human relationships and more serious conversationif these are desired. They may not always be desired, however, one m

9、ay invite a business friend and his wife to dinner without wishing to make them close friends for life. And in this case, we need a form of language which is not too intimate and does not make us too intimate to others. 3利用文章中所罗列出的例子猜词义。这种方法一般也是根据较具体的词汇、词组，通过归纳、猜测从而理 解较抽象的词汇或词组。 Example 3 Much of th

10、e required paper work results from the close scrutiny by a wide range of government agencies over such matters as tax collection, consumer protection, food and drugs, environmental controls, equal labor opportunities, etc. Many such protections have, in fact, been added as a result of the pressures

11、and influence of concerned citizens. 4利用比喻猜测词义。当作者作比较的时候，一般是强调二者的相似之处。比喻则更是如此。因此，俩个相 比较的东西只要认出其中之一，便可大致猜出另一物的实质，从而明了全句的含义。 Example 4 She sat there for the moment, quiet and silent, suddenly, the meek lamb burst in bad temper, as ferocious as a lion. 5利用常识猜测词义。很多词的词义，放在某一类词汇中间，读者能够很容易凭借自己的生活经验或生活常 识来

12、猜词义。 Example 5 “Have you two seats for tonights performance?” “I am sorry, all the seats are booked. There are a hundred unreserved seats. They are sold half an hour before the curtain goes up.” 6利用对比的词猜测词义。表示对比的词语，在意义上相互联系，从而使读者通过对比得出词义这一方法成 为可能。一般来说，对比的词语是一对反义词或近乎于反义词，而且词性也一致。 Example 6 We dare no

13、t forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americansborn in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient h

14、eritage and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today, at home and around the world. 2 （二）利用构词法知识猜测词义 英语的构词方法很多，大致能够分为俩种，一种是词缀辨认，另一种是词汇复合，下面我们逐一加以讲解。 1词缀辨认。词缀分前缀、后缀及中缀。中缀不大常见，因此我们的讨论将围绕前缀和

15、后缀进行。 （1）前缀辨认。前缀是附加在单词前面的语法部件，它本身有发音，有意义，但不能单独成为一个词汇。它 的功能主要是给原来的词汇增加一层含义。因此，如果考生掌握了一定数量的前缀，就能够通过辨认前缀，通过复 合词缀和词汇的意义来猜测出词的意义。 Example 7 The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any other liquid. One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9

16、 percent, whereas most liquids contract on cooling. For this reason, ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly, except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all water life would be destr

17、oyed and the interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate, would be notably absent. （2）后缀辨认。后缀是附加在单词后面的一种语法部件。它本身也有发音，有意义，但也不能单独成为一个 词汇。和前缀不同，后缀不仅给词汇增加了一层含义，而且也通常改变词汇的词性。例如“-less”附加在名词的后面， 就能够将名词转变为形容词。因此，加后缀的词的词性也要引起考生的注意。当然，掌握了后缀的意义且掌握了词 汇的意义，也同样能猜出全词的意义。 Example 8 Impressionism

18、is a form of art which began in the 1870s. When you look closely at an impressionist painting, you see little dots of different colored paints. When you move away from the picture, the dots of colors blends and the painting looks like it has light playing on the people and objects in the picture. 2分

19、解词汇。英语中有一种构词法即是把俩个有联系的词用连字符联接，且附以适当的语法形态，从而形成 一个表达新概念的词汇。因此，通过结合上下文且分解词汇，能够将一些难词辨认出来。 Example 9 Then barbed-wire loomed up in the grey night. The hands of the mine-detectors began to move, and the instruments sang out a muffled warning. All was quiet in the enemy lines. Only an occasional shell flew

20、 high overhead. （三）信号推断法 作者在行文过程中使用的一些标点符号、单词或短语，常充当着“信号”的指示作用，提供了有关作者思路及 篇章结构的线索，阅读者可利用这些线索推测词义。此为“信号法” 。 .1 标点符号 有些句子当中，对于生词的定义、解释等常用标点符号分开。这些符号通常是逗号、破折号、括号等。例如： Careful and thoughtful readers always think about what they are reading, trying to interpret explain and understand the ideas presented

21、in a reading passage. 句中破折号之间的内容即是对 interpret 一词的解释释义和领悟，即“阐释” 。这种附加的解释有效地避免了 读者将 interpret 错误理解成“翻译”而无法正确理解原文。 As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni tribes of North America were building with adobesunbaked brick plastered with mud.（CET494.6） 句中破折号后的内容是对 adobe 一词的进一步解

22、释，可翻译为“粘土砖” ，即“由太阳晒干的泥土砖” 。 .2 信号词 充当“信号”的单词或短语名为“信号词”,根据其功能可分为以下六种： A） 同向信号：表示叙述的方向没有改变。 Amy decided she would study her history tonight. Likewise, her roommate Jennifer decided she would. 3 Mary felt perturbed; that is, she was greatly disturbed by her sisters action. 例中 likewise 表明，Jennifer 也决定今晚

23、学习历史（Jennifer decided she would study history tonight）。 例中 that is 所引导的句子是对 perturbed 的解释，从而能够猜出它和 disturbed 的词义相近。即“不安， 烦扰” 。 常见的同向信号词有：and, also, for example, for instance, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, what is more, a case in point, that is, meaning, such as, or, in other words B）

24、 转向信号：表示叙述的方向将发生改变。 Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust! We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. （CET490，1） Question: 37. By “held back” the author means “” A） made to remain in the same

25、 classes B） C） forced to study in the lower classes drawn to their studies D） prevented from advancing 例中 but 起转折作用，表明作者阐述的重点是后者（so can trust）。 例中第一句话里提供的信息不足，难以推断 held back 的意思。继续见见第二句话里 on the contrary 后面是 否有其它线索。找到了一个 enrich，它的意思应和 held back 相反，故可断定正确答案为 D。 常见的转向信号词有：although, but, however, on th

26、e contrary, on the other hand, in spite of, despite, otherwise, nevertheless, yet C） 序列信号：表示叙述的先后次序。 After spending three weeks in the woods, Henry was tired of solitude. They typically gaze at each other for about 3 seconds at a time, then drop their eyes down for 3 seconds, before letting their ey

27、es meet again. （CET4-96，6） 例中的 after 既表达了时间的先后次序又暗示了原因，所以该句大致可理解为：在林中呆了三个星期后， 亨利厌倦了隐居的（或和世隔绝的）生活。 常见的序列信号词有：first, second, third, , and so on, then, after, before, then, next, last, afterward, finally, in the end D） 总括信号：表示下面的语句是对上文的概括和总结。 One reason for this is that communicating with vehicles in o

28、rbit is much easier than talking to those underwater. A vacuum is an ideal medium for radio communications, but underwater communications are limited to much slower sound waves. Thus, most undersea vehicles particularly ROVs operate at the end of long ropes. （CET4-88） 常见的总括信号词有： a result, finally, t

29、herefore, consequently, accordingly, so, thus, in short, in conclusion, in brief, as in a word, in general E） 因果信号：表示前后俩部分之间存在因果关系。 Johnson shifted from the Department of Accounting to the Department of Literature because he decided he liked human beings better than numbers. 常见的因果信号词有：as a result, f

30、or, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as , since, consequently F） 释义信号：表示前后俩部分之间存在释义关系。 Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea.” （CET4-90.1, Passage One） Nature provides some animals with an internal physiological response which lowers

31、their metabolism, or rate of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy in winter when food is scarce. 例中引号部分和 oceanography 构成了释义关系，可知 oceanography 是一门“将各门自然科学应用于海洋研 究”的学问，即“海洋学” 。另外根据构词法也可直接猜测出 oceanography 的意思。 例中 or 引导的 rate of bodily functioning 即是对 metabolism 的释义。 4 常见释义信号词有：or, define, namely, that is, in other words 二、多义现象 在阅读的过程中，我们往往会遇到这种情况，即某些词汇且不是生词，但这些词汇意义很多，无法单独加以判 别。因此，这就需要考生运用所掌握的有关词汇的知识，结合上下文的各种条件，对症下药，加以辨别。 Example 10 The shock of encounterin