孔玮全能语法课笔记Word文档格式.docx

1、3. 主谓双宾- Please do me a favor.- Love gives us a fairy tale. 直接宾语指的是与谓语动词发生直接联系的名词 通常是物间接宾语指的是动作所指向的方向 通常是人 give sb sth（sb.是间宾 sth.是直宾）=give sth to sb cook sb sth（sb.是间宾 sth.是直宾）=cook sth for sb4. 主+谓+ 宾+宾补# - I found the book easy.-Love makes man grow up or sink down.5. 主+系+表 系动词：linking verb（连接主语和后

2、面的成分）-You are my sunshine（二）英文思维黄金法则 1. 谓语单一原则 一个简单句只能有一个谓语。 如果要表达多个动作概念，有三种方式： a. 连词 b. 非谓语动词 C. 从句2. 句子分类：简单句，并列句，复杂句Life is fragile, and evil is real, but courage triumphs. Bush We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars . Oscar Wilde 复合句【复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以

3、独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词引导。 3. 如何在主从复合句中找到主句 第一步：划出所有引导词。第二步：引导词之后的第一个动词为从句谓语动词。第三步：所有从句谓语动词找到之后，最后剩下的即为主语谓 语动词。、4. 引导词省略的情况： 宾语从句的引导词that 经常省略定语从句的先行词如果在从句里做宾语时，引导词常省略。（三）名词性从句 把完整的句子当名词使用在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语 时，就被称为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句或同位语从句。1. 名词性从句的引导词that: 无词义，在从句中不做任

4、何成分，只起连接作用。，whether if : 是否 有词义，不做成分，连接作用。who/whom: 谁；what: ； which: 哪一个 whose: 谁的 when: 什么时候 where: 什么地方 why: 为什么 有词义，充当从句中的成分2. 主语从句What is worth doing is worth doing well. 凡事只要值得做，就值得做好。主语从句的变体：.It is +形容词+that 从句It is clear that 显然It is natural that 很自然It is fortunate that 幸运的是It is likely that

5、很可能It is a pity that可惜的是It is no wonder that难怪It is a shame that遗憾的是-It is a common knowledge that 是常识主语从句的写作应用：利弊作文结尾句Whether is blessing or cursing is a difficult question to answer, yet the comfort or convenience that it brings will not be eliminated.宾语从句：当你身处困境的时候，就会知道谁是你真正的朋友。When you are in tr

6、ouble, you will find who your real friend is. 2. 示 =show, =reflect,=convey,= indicate, reveal,= illustrate, =demonstrate3.象征：=represent, =symbolize, =epitomize, （成为缩影）=be naturally associated with 自然联系到4. 意义=implication 暗示=symbolic meaning 象征意义=subtle connotation 微妙的含义二、定语从句1. 概述- 在英语中，我们通常用一个形容词作定语

7、修饰名词或代词。若要表达更 复杂的意思，需借助一个句子来修饰名词。 - 这个被修饰的名词代词因为总在定语从句前面，所以被称为先行词。| - 引导定语从句的词，被称为关系词。2. 定语从句的三个重要概念先行词-被定语从句所修饰或限制的对象。引导词-连接主句和从句，在定语从句中充当一定成分的词。不完整的句子三. 关系词关系代词 - 先行词指人：who, whom - 先行词指物：which - 先行词指人指物均可：that-先行词指人或物的所有关系：whose - The world is full of people whose notion of a satisfactory future i

8、s, in fact, a return to the idealized past. 关系副词 - 时间状语：when- 地点状语：whereThe dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. -原因状语：when 练习：I will never forget the day _we met for the first time. A. which B. when C. that D. on thatI will never forget the time_I spent on campus. A. which

9、B. when C. who D. on thatYou should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again. A. when B. where C. then D. there四.理解定语从句的关键-找到先行词1.先行词通常为词（名词或代词）词组A wanderer who is determined to reach his destination will never fear the rain.2.先行词也可以是一个句子（非限制性定语从句）不用逗号隔开-限制性定语从句作用：用来提供必要的信息，以说明定语从句所修

10、饰的先行词的身份或性质，或用来限制先行词所指的范围。若去掉限制性定语从句，则主句部分含义不明确，意义不完整。 dont like people. I dont like people who never keep their words. 用逗号隔开-非限制性定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步的解释、补充或说明。若去掉非限，整个主句意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。. Criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout. . I cant give you the formula

11、for success, but I can give you the formula for failure, which is trying to please everybody.非限写作应用Some people argue that has some merits, which can be listed as follows. First and foremost,., Additionally,.与as 引导非限有关的作文精品句型 As is seen from the chart, As is vividly depicted in the cartoon above, As

12、is apparently illustrated by the pictures above, As can be noticed from the table/ graph/ figure, there is a marked increase/decline/ favorable change in.五. 先行词和引导词的分隔现象1.先行词+其它成分+定语从句. Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect teenager crime rates. For example, changes in the economy th

13、at lead to fewer job opportunity for youth. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. who B. that C. when D. where 2. 作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句. He can conquer the world who can conquer himself. %Question : 如何寻找定语从句真正修饰的先行词方法一：翻译法 Step 1 : 翻译定语从句 Step 2 :

14、将翻译后的定语从句+ “的”，再和从句之前的名词 由近及远地进行搭配，根据句义和逻辑找出真正修饰的先行词。方法二：主谓一致（主语和谓语要在人称和数上保持一致）The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener _ interfere with his comprehension. A. who B. as C. which D. what （五）定语从句难点及状语从句六. 定语从句难点1. 先行词介词which/whom Experts have studies the areas mo

15、st affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea. （2001/6）2. 表示所属关系或部分整体关系时用介词of 在介词of 前面常出现的词包括：all, each, both, either, neither, many, some, most, half, the majority, 数字及最高级等。. Living in the central Australian de

16、sert has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least. A. of which B. for whatC. as D. whose 写成两句就明白了：Living in the central Australian desert has its problem. Of its problems, obtaining water is not the least.of 放在句首表范围Of all the countries, China will be the best.Of all my students, you will top

17、 the best.She showed the visitors a round the museum, construction _had taken more than three years. A.for which B. with which C. of which D. to which English is a language shared by several diverse culture, _ uses it differently.A.all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them 阅读原则： 1

18、. 将介词和先行词搭配。 2. 将介词和从句中的谓语搭配。In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _she could turn for help. A. that B. whoC. from whom D. to whom定语从句写作应用：对比观点式作文万能第一句There is no denying the fact that .has been a prevalent topic with which university students are confronted. And there is no consensus of o

19、pinion among people concerning the controversial issue.定语从句翻译原则：1.前置法：若定语从句结构简短，把从句翻译成带“的”的词组，放置于被修饰的词之前。2. 拆分法：若定语从句结构复杂，需拆分成两句翻译，并重复先行词。. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the systematic, manner that natural scientists use for

20、the study of natural phenomena. . Anyone whose goal is “something higher” must expect someday to suffer vertigo, what is vertigo Fear of falling No, vertigo is something other than fear of falling. It is the voice of the emptiness below us which tempts and lures us. It is the desire to fall against

21、which we defend ourselves. 七长难句阅读及翻译方法1）分析和拆分结构 基本原则 拆分主从句。（复合句） 拆分主干和修饰。（简单句） 利用信号词。 信号词原则： 1. 连词： and, or, but, yet, for 等连接并列句的连词。 连接状语从句的连接词：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, since, though, although, so that2. 关系词： who, whom, whose, what, which ,whatever, whichever, when, where, how, why 3. 介词： on, in, with, at, of, to 4. 不定式符号：to 5. 分词：过去分词和现在分词常构成修饰语6. 标点符号3）调整翻译语序 定语的语序 中文的定语一般在修饰词之前，英文简单定语在前，复杂定语（短语或定语从句）通常在后。 前置法：简单定语译为“的”结构拆分法：复杂定语单独译为一句，重复先行词。练习长难句分析结构：-T