英语语法讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、OneThousandAndOneNightstellspeoplelotsofmysteriousbitsoffolklore.一千零一夜给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。TheUnitedStatesisleadingtheworldinscienceandtechnology.美国常在世界科技方面领先。TheUnitedNationsplayanimportantroleintheinternationalaffairs.联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。#aportion,aseriesof,akindof,thenumberof等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。Ase

2、riesofhightechnologyproductshasbeenlaidoutintheexhibition.一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。Thenumberofprintingmistakesinsomerecentbooksoftensurprisespeopleeventodeath.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。Asubstantialportionofthereportsismissing.这些报告都没有提及实质问题。Akindofroseinthegardensmellsverypleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。#由some,several,bo

3、th,few,many,anumberof等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。另外，由and连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。Ontheseashore,somepeopleareplayingvolleyballandsomearelyinginthesun.海边，有些人在打排球，有些人躺着晒太阳。Bothofusarefondofwatchingfootballgames.我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。Anumberofwill-begraduatesarevoluntarilygoingtoworkintheWestofChina.许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工

4、作。#有些短语，如：alotof,mostof,anyof,halfof,threefifthsof,eightypercentof,someof,noneof,therestof,allof等后接不可数名词、或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。Alotofmoneyintheshopwasstolenyesterdaywhentheelectricitywassuddenlycutoff.昨天突然断电时，那家商店丢失了许多钱。AlotofbooksaboutInvestmentFundhavebeenpubli

5、shedrecently.最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍。意义一致（NotionalConcord）这一原则是指，从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。1）当主语后面接由aswellas,asmuchas,accompaniedby,including,inadditionto,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身

6、的单、复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说，我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有”，”隔开。Petroleum,alongwithfuelgas,hasrecentlyriseninprice.最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。Theteacher,withallhisstudents,isgoingtohaveapicnicthisweekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。Thestudents,togetherwiththeirteacher,aregoingtohaveapicnicthisweekend.学生们打算这个周末

7、与他们的老师一起去野炊。Thewarehouse,withallitsstockings,wasburnedlastnight.昨晚，那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了。我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去，因为它们在句子里是状语：Petroleumhasrecentlyriseninprice,alongwithfuelgas.Alongwithfuelgas,petroleumhasrecentlyriseninprice.Thestudentsaregoingtohaveapicnicthisweekendtogetherwiththeirteacher.As

8、wellasthesuitcase,themissingthingshavebeenfoundandreturnedtotheowner.Themissingthingshavebeenfoundandreturnedtotheowner,aswellasthesuitcase.2）表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指”有多少数量”则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。Fourweeksareoftenapproximatelyregardedasonemonth.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。Twe

9、ntyyearsstandsforalongperiodinoneslife.二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。Eightydollarsareenoughforastudenttospendonfoodforoneweek.八十块钱给一个高中英语语法-高中英语语法重点难点回顾之三高中英语语法重点难点回顾之三little,no,some,等修饰。Ihavereadallthebook（that）yougaveme.4）先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.5）先行词既有人又有物时

10、。Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that（which）,否则用where。Thisisthehousewherehelivedlastyear.Thisisthehousethat（which）hevisitedlastyear.用nosoonerthan和hardlywhen引导的从句表示“刚就”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。HardlyhadIenteredtheroom

11、whenIheardaloudnoise.代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Hereitis.Herehecomes.当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorWhite,ProfessorSmithandmanyotherguests.GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheylikedtotheChin

12、esepeople.AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candlesandtoys.HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.LiWeicantanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.部分倒装用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。Hadyoureviewedyourlessons,youmighthavepassedtheexamination.3.用于“形容词（或名词、动词）+as（though）引导的让步状语从句中。Prettyassheis,sheisnotclever.Tryashewould,hemightfail

13、again.如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。Childashewas,hehadtomakealiving.用于nosoonerthan,hardlywhen和notuntil的句型中。Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,notonce等词开头的句子。NevershallIdothisagain.Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.6.用于以only开头的句子（only修

14、饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时）。OnlythisafternoondidIfinishthenovel.OnlyinthiswaycanyoumasterEnglish.OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin.如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。OnlyWangLingknowsthis.用于某些表示祝愿的句子。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功!stomachstomachs，aGermanthreeGermans,anAmericantwoAmericans，mancook-mencooks;papers报纸,文件manners

15、礼貌drinks饮料inaword简言之?inotherwords换句话说havewordswith与某人吵嘴haveafewwords（aword）withsb.与某人说几句话Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives某些集体名词,如people,police,cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。Thepolicearesearchingforhim.高中英语语法-高中英语语法重点难点回顾之二高中英语语法重点难点回顾之二dthatshe（should）stayinbedforafewdays.Hedemandedthatwe（should）startrig

16、htaway.作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“（should）动词原形”。Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe（should）gotoBeijingforsightseeing.Myideaisthatwe（should）doexercisesfirst.在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带

17、to。Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.注意：不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如：Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Ihavenochoicebuttogo.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。Heislookingforaroomtolivein.There

18、isnothingtoworryabout.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.There/Itisnouse/good/notanyuse/good/uselessdoingsth.动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,canthelp,cant

19、stand（无法忍受）等。Itriednottogothere.（我设法不去那里。）Itrieddoingitagain.（我试着又干了一次。）meantodo有意.meandoing意味着.Imeantocomeearlytoday.（我打算今天早些来。Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。allow,advise,forbid,permitWedontallowsmokinghere.Wedontallowstudentstosmoke.动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时

20、,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。Thewindowneeds（requires,wants）cleaning（tobecleaned）.在短语devoteto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,stickto,beusedto,objectto,thankyoufor,excusemefor等后的动词也必须用动名词形式：Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.（原因）Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullof

21、mistakes.（原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式）Havingbeendesertedbyhisguide,hecouldntfindhiswaythroughthejungle.（为了强调已完成的动作）Askedtostay,Icouldntverywellrefuse.这里asked可能意味着havingbeenasked,也可能意味着when/sinceIwasasked,但用了havingbeenasked就不会有歧义。下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。Coveredwithconfusion,Il

22、efttheroom.我很窘地离开了房间。United,westand;divided,wefall.团结则存，分裂则亡。HeusedtoliveinLondon,use（d）nthe/didnthe?Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,use（d）ntthere/didntthere?Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?Heoughttobepunished,oughtnthe?但在正式文体中,用oughtwenot形式。例如:Weoughttogo,oughtwenot?或Weoughttogo,should

23、wenot?含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustnt。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用arent（isnt）十主语,例如：Youmustbetired,arentyou?若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用neednt。Youmustgohomerightnow,needntyou?当mustnt表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如：Youmustntwalkongrass,mustyou?前句谓语动词是musthave过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测（一般有过去时间状语）,疑问部分的谓语动词用didnt主语;若前句强

24、调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用havent（hasnt）主语,例如：Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didnthe?Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haventyou?陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时（前缀或后缀）,疑问部分仍用否定结构。Heisunfitforhisoffice,isnthe?如果陈述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。Heishardly14yearsold,ishe?如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,someone,noon

25、e等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they。Everyoneknowshisjob,doesnthe?Everyoneknowstheirjob,dontthey?Noonewashurt,werethey?Imlate,arentI?Onecantbetoocareful,canone（you）?Haveacupoftea,willyou?Letsgothere,shallwe?Letusgothere,willyou?同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。连接词用that（不用w

26、hich）及连接副词how,when,where,why等。Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay.关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:A）在表语从句和同位语从句中。Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.B）在主语从句中,只有用it作形

27、式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasntbeendecidedyet.Ithasntbeendecidedwhether（if）weshallattendthemeeting.C）在介词之后。（介词往往可以省略）例如：Italldepends（on）whethertheywillsupportus.D）后面直接跟动词不定式时。Hedoesntknowwhethertostayornot.E）后面紧接ornot时。Wedidntknowwhetherornotshewasready.F）引

28、导让步状语从句,只能用whether。Whetheryoulikeitornot,youmustdoitwell.G）用if会引起歧义时。Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikeit.该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句：1）先行词是不定代词：all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.3）先行词被all,any,every,each,few,高中英语语法-高中英语语法重点难点回顾之一高中英语语法重点难点回顾之一主谓一致常考难题：Fivemin